Biology and Comparative Physiology of Birds

ContentsContributors to Volume IPreface Contents of Volume IIChapter I. The Origin of Birds I. Introduction II. The Osteology of Archaeopteryx III. The Relative Resemblances of Archaeopteryx to Reptiles and Birds IV. Affinities with the Thecodontia V. Arboreal Adaptations VI. The Development of Homoiothermy VII. The Third Archaeopteryx References Chapter II. Adaptive Radiation in Birds I. Introduction II. Problems in Size. The Surface: Volume Ratio III. Locomotor Adaptations IV. Feeding Adaptations V. Adaptive Radiation within Families of Birds VI. The History of Adaptive Radiation References Chapter III. The Classification of Birds I. Introduction II. Evolution and Taxonomy III. Practical Systematics IV. Problems in Avian Classification V. A Classification of Birds References Chapter IV. Geographical Distribution of Living Birds I. Historical Introduction II. The Nature and Delimitation of Regions III. Natural Regions and Historicofaunal Studies IV. The Natural Regions References Chapter V. Development of Birds I. Introduction II. The Egg III. The Beginning of Development IV. Gastrulation V. The Coordination of Development VI. The Laying Down of the Organs VII. Body Shape VIII. The Food Supply of the Embryo IX. The Extraembryonic Membranes X. The Blood System XI. The Gut and the Respiratory Tract XII. The Coelom XIIL The Urogenital System XIV. The Adrenals XV, The Nervous System XVI. The Organs of Special Sense XVII. The Muscles and Limbs XVIII. The Feathers XIX. Hatching References Chapter VI. The Integumentary System I. The Skin II. Derivatives of the Skin III. Integumentary Pigmentation IV. The Development of Patterns of Melanin Pigmentation References Chapter VII. The Skeleton of Birds I. Introduction II. Evolution III. The Vertebrae and Ribs IV. The Shoulder Girdle V. The Wings VI. Wing Movements VII. The Pelvic Girdle and Hind Limb VIII. The Skull IX. The Intrinsic Skeleton of the Eye X. Pneumatization XI. Ossification and Growth XII. Anomalies ReferencesChapter VIII. The Musculature I. Introduction II. Striated (Skeletal or Voluntary) Muscles III. Actions of Muscles IV. Muscles Used in the Classification of Birds V. Descriptions of Muscles of the Pectoral Appendage VI. Descriptions of Muscles of the Pelvic Appendage References Chapter IX. The Blood-Vascular System I. General II. The Heart III. The Arterial System IV. The Venous System V. The Blood VI. The Lymphatic System References Chapter X. The Respiratory System I. Introduction II. Anatomy III. Ventilation of the Respiratory Tract While Standing IV. The Regulation of Respiratory Movements V. Heat Regulation by the Respiratory System VI. Respiration during Specialized Activities ReferencesChapter XI. Digestion and the Digestive System I. Introduction II. The Buccal Cavity, Buccal Glands, and Pharynx III . The Esophagus and Crop IV. The Gastric Apparatus V. The Intestine VI. The Liver VII. The Pancreas References Chapter XII. Excretion I. Introduction II. Anatomy of the Avian Kidney III. Physiology of the Avian Kidney IV. Non-renal Excretion References Author IndexSubject Index