Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Long Haul Fiber Networks1.2 Historical Development of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers1.3 From Glass to Systems2 OPTICAL FIBER FABRICATION 2.1 Introduction2.2 Conventional Communication Fiber2.3 Rare Earth Doped Fibers2.4 Pump-Signal Interaction Methods2.5 Compositions2.6 Physical Properties3 COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATION 3.1 Introduction3.2 Fiber Connectors3.3 Fusion Splicing3.4 Pump and Signal Combiners3.5 Isolators3.6 Circulators3.7 Filters3.8 Fiber Gratings3.9 Signal Multiplexers and Demultiplexers3.10 Signal Add/Drop Components3.11 Dispersion Compensation Components3.12 Integrated Components3.13 Pump Lasers4 RARE EARTH IONS--INTRODUCTORY SURVEY 4.1 Introduction4.2 Atomic Physics of the Rare Earths4.3 Optical Spectra of Rare Earth Ions4.4 Fundamental Properties4.5 Spectroscopy of the Er3 Ion4.6 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects5 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS--AMPLIFIER BASICS 5.1 Introduction5.2 Amplification in Three-Level Systems5.3 Reduction of the Three-Level System to the Two-Level System5.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission5.5 Analytical Solutions to the Two-Level System6 ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS--MODELING AND COMPLEX EFFECTS 6.1 Introduction6.2 Absorption and Emission Cross Sections6.3 Gain and ASE Modeling6.4 Amplifier Simulations6.5 Transverse Mode Models--Erbium Confinement Effect6.6 Excited State Absorption Effects6.7 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects7 OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS--THEORY 7.1 Introduction7.2 Optical Noise: Device Aspects7.3 Optical Noise: System Aspects8 AMPLIFIER CHARACTERIZATION AND DESIGN ISSUES 8.1 Introduction8.2 Basic Amplifier Measurement Techniques8.3 Amplifier Design Issues9 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONS OF AMPLIFIERS 9.1 Introduction9.2 System Demonstrations and Issues9.3 Soliton Systems10 FOUR LEVEL FIBER AMPLIFIERS FOR 13 MM AMPLIFICATION 10.1 Introduction10.2 Pr3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers10.3 Nd3 -doped Fiber AmplifiersAppendixSubject Index