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Notes on Contributors xv
Foreword by David Miles, Professor of Financial Economics, Imperial College, London xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Introduction: Milestones in European Housing Finance since 1989 1Jens Lunde and Christine Whitehead
Why analyse developments in housing finance? 1
Defining housing finance 3
The countries 4
Trends in mortgage systems 5
Mortgage debt and house price increases - enabling each other? 7
Conclusions 13
References 14
2 European Housing Finance Models in 1989 and 2014 15Jens Lunde and Christine Whitehead
Introduction 15
Mortgage systems 16
Funding the supply of mortgages 21
Mortgage characteristics 25
Overview 33
References 35
3 Australia's 25 Years with a Deregulated Housing Finance System: Looking Back and Looking Forward 37Judith Yates and María Belén Yanotti
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 37
Key milestones 39
Impacts and implications of changes 43
Emerging issues 48
Conclusion 51
Acknowledgements 51
References 52
4 Milestones in Housing Finance in Austria over the Last 25 Years 55Alexis Mundt and Elisabeth Springler
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 55
Finance milestones 57
Impacts and outcomes 66
Looking to the future 70
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
5 Milestones in 25 Years of Housing Finance in Belgium 75Sien Winters and Katleen Van den Broeck
Introduction 75
The Belgian housing finance system 76
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years in Belgium 76
Milestones during the last 25 years of housing finance in Belgium 77
Impacts 86
Looking to the future 88
Acknowledgements 89
References 89
6 Milestones in Housing Finance in the Czech Republic since 1990 93Petr Sunega and Martin Lux
Introduction 93
Milestones in housing finance 95
Impacts 102
Future prospects 106
Acknowledgements 106
Notes 106
References 107
7 Milestones in Danish Housing Finance since 1990 109Jens Lunde
Introduction 109
The economic environment of the last 25 years 110
The Danish mortgage system 111
Key milestones 113
The impacts of these milestones over the last 25 years 117
Parallel development in house prices and
owner-occupiers' net debt 118
The housing crisis, the national banking crisis and the Global Financial Crisis 121
The aftermath 123
The rescue operations 124
Looking to the future 124
Acknowledgements 125
References 126
8 Milestones in Housing Finance in England 127Kathleen Scanlon and Henryk Adamczuk
Introduction 127
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 128
Milestones in private housing finance 128
Milestones in social and affordable housing finance 136
Impacts 138
Looking to the future 142
Note 143
References 144
9 Milestones in Housing Finance in Finland 147Timo Tähtinen and Tommi Laanti
Introduction 147
Key milestones 148
Impacts and implications of changes 154
Looking to the future 161
References 162
Further reading 162
10 Milestones of Housing Finance in France between 1988 and 2014: Is the French Credit System a Gallic Oddity? 165Christian Tutin and Bernard Vorms
Introduction: A quarter of a century later 165
Finance milestones 166
Specifics of French housing finance 171
Impacts 175
Looking to the future 179
Conclusions 180
References 181
11 Milestones in the Development of the German Housing Finance System in the Last 25 Years 183Stefan Kofner
The initial situation in 1989 183
Milestones at a glance 184
German reunification (1990): A friendly takeover by the white knight? 184
The conversion of homeownership subsidisation from a tax to a grant system (1996): Heading for a new balance of tenures? 186
Integration and deregulation of capital markets: risks for the future? 187
Trying to run a housing system without subsidies 190
Measures to rescue the financial system since 2008 191
The dynamics of the German system of housing finance since 1989 196
Notes 198
References 198
12 Moving from an Authoritarian State System to an Authoritarian Market System: Housing Finance Milestones in Hungary between 1979 and 2014 201József Hegedüs and Eszter Somogyi
From socialism to capitalism: the economic and institutional environment 201
Finance milestones in the housing system 204 Impacts 214
The future of the housing finance system 216 References 217
13 Housing Finance in Iceland: Milestones 1989-2014 219Lúðvík Elíasson and Magnús Árni Skúlason
Introduction 219
The economic and institutional environment of the past 25 years 220
The bumpy ride of Icelandic housing finance 221
Impacts 232
Looking to the future 235
References 237
14 Milestones in 25 Years of Housing Finance in Ireland 239Padraic Kenna
Key milestones 239
Emerging issues 248
Conclusion 251
Acknowledgements 252
Notes 252
References 253
15 Milestones in Housing Finance in the Netherlands, 1988-2013 255Marja Elsinga, Hugo Priemus and Peter Boelhouwer
Introduction 255
Milestones over the three periods 256
Impacts 265
Reflection 270
Acknowledgements 271
References 271
16 Housing Finance in Norway: The Last 25 Years 273Rolf Barlindhaug
Introduction 273
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 274
Finance milestones 275
The financial crisis 281
Impacts of the housing finance milestones 283
Looking into the future 286
Conclusion 287
Acknowledgements 288
References 288
17 Milestones of Housing Finance in Poland 291Marta Widlak and Jacek Laszek
Introduction 291
Housing finance milestones 292
Impact of housing finance milestones in Poland in the last 25 years 301
Looking towards the future 307
References 308
18 The Housing Finance System in Portugal since the 1980s 309Romana Xerez and Jaime R. S. Fonseca
Introduction 309
Context: a legacy of family financing, the impact of the 1974 revolution and the period to 1989 310
Milestones in the development of the Portuguese housing market and housing finance since 1989 313
Impacts 319
Conclusions 321
Acknowledgements 323
References 323
19 Evolution of the Housing Finance System in Russia 325Maria Plotnikova, Andrey Tumanov and Evgeniya Zhelezova
Introduction 325
Brief review of basic features of the Soviet era housing system 326
The housing system during the transition to a market economy (1990s) 328
Forming the basis for a housing mortgage financing system (1997-2005) 329
Between the market and the state (2005-2013) 333
State programmes to stimulate housing demand and supply 333
The effect of the GFC 335
What lies ahead? 337
References 339
20 Housing Finance in Slovenia: From a National Housing Fund to a Bank-Driven System 341Andreja Cirman and Richard Sendi
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 341
Major policy changes 342
Impacts 353
Looking to the future 356
References 357
21 Housing Finance in Spain: From the Liberalisation of the Mortgage Market to Booms and Busts 359Irene Peña and Baralides Alberdi
The economic and institutional environment of the last 25 years 359
Finance milestones 360
The impact of these milestones over the last 25 years 367
Looking to the future: financing into the future 372
References 374
22 Milestones in Swedish Housing Finance 375Peter Englund
Background 375
Key milestones 378
Impacts 386
Looking to the future 389
References 390
23 Housing Finance in Turkey over the Last 25 Years: Good, Bad or Ugly? 393Yener Coskun
Introduction 393
The Turkish housing finance system over the last 25 years from a marketisation perspective 394
Finance milestones: The rise of marketisation and changes in housing finance 400
Impacts of the transformation of the housing finance system 402
Future trends in housing finance markets 405
Gated communities and housing finance 405
Conclusions 408
Acknowledgements 409
References 410
24 Milestones in EU Housing and Mortgage Markets 413Jennifer Johnson, Lorenzo Isgrò and Sylvain Bouyon
Milestones in EU housing and mortgage markets 413
1990-2000 - Milestones: The Single European Market, deregulation and consolidation and product innovation 413
2001-2008 - Milestones: EU focus on mortgage credit, growth of covered bonds and adoption of the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD) 418
2008-2014 - Milestones: Restoring financial stability, consumer protection and unlocking long-term financing 421
Conclusion 428
References 430
25 Following On From a Quarter of a Century of Mortgage Debt 433Jens Lunde and Christine Whitehead
Introduction: 1989 and 2014 433
Trends in mortgage systems over the quarter century 436
The impact of the GFC 439
Conclusions: looking back and looking forward 443
References 446
Henryk Adamczuk is an Independent Researcher specialising in economic and financial aspects of housing markets. From 1988-2013 he was a senior lecturer at Birmingham City University. He participated in a major peer review study of housing in the European Union and has regularly presented at international housing conferences in Europe.
Baralides Alberdi is Director of the consultancy Madrid Puerto Aéreo. She is a specialist in housing finance and financial instruments and previously worked as head of the research department of the Mortgage Bank of Spain, the largest specialised mortgage institutions at that time.
Rolf Barlindhaug is a Senior Researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research. His research interests are housing finance, housing market analysis, supply-side studies, the relationship between municipalities and the housebuilding industry, housing policy instruments and residential mobility.
Peter Boelhouwer is Professor of Housing Systems at Delft University of Technology. He is chair of the OTB - Research for the Built Environment department and of the European Network for Housing Research (ENHR). His main research topics are comparative housing analyses, housing finance and economics and housing preferences.
Sylvain Bouyon is a Research Fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies. He previously worked as an economist at the European Mortgage Federation and at the National Bank of Belgium.
Andreja Cirman is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana. Her main fields of expertise are housing, real estate and sustainability, reflected in a variety of published articles, research works and consultancy projects in Slovenia and abroad.
Yener Coskun is a Senior Specialist for the Capital Markets Board of Turkey and visiting lecturer at Izmir University of Economics and the University of Sarajevo. He has published three books and several journal and professional articles on housing finance, real estate, capital markets and history.
Lúðvík Elíasson is currently a Senior Economist in the Financial Stability department at the Central Bank of Iceland. Lately, he has been working for parliamentary commissions assessing the role of banks and housing finance during and after the 2008 financial crisis in Iceland.
Marja Elsinga is Professor of Housing Governance at TU Delft and Visiting Professor at Tongji University in Shanghai. She has 25 years of experience in housing research and publishes widely on topics including housing policy, social housing, housing affordability and housing equity release.
Peter Englund is Professor of Banking at the Stockholm School of Economics specialising in housing economics and finance. He was previously Professor of Economics at Uppsala University and Professor of Real Estate Finance at the University of Amsterdam.
Jaime R. S. Fonseca is an Assistant Professor at Lisbon University (ISCSP-UL), particularly interested in data analysis. His work has been published in international peer-reviewed journals such as International Journal of Public Administration, Social Sciences Research and the Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services.
József Hegedüs is a Sociologist and founding member of the Metropolitan Research Institute, established in 1989 in Budapest, Hungary. His research focuses on urban and housing issues after the transition in Eastern Europe. He is one of the editors Social Housing in Transition Countries, published in 2013.
Lorenzo Isgrò is an Economic Adviser at the European Mortgage Federation, where he coordinates the Statistics Committee and is responsible for the publication of Hypostat, a housing and mortgage statistics issue. Previously, he worked at the Dutch Central Bank and European Central Bank.
Jennifer Johnson is Head of Legal and Economic Affairs at the European Mortgage Federation, where she is responsible for the activities of the EMF's Legal, Economic and Valuation Committees. She has worked at the EMF for more than 12 years and publishes regularly particularly on regulatory issues.
Padraic Kenna lectures in housing and property law at National University of Ireland Galway and at the Centre for Housing Law, Rights and Policy. His research areas include legal and policy aspects of mortgages, property, housing and human rights.
Stefan Kofner is Professor of Housing Management at the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz and director of the TRAWOS research institute. He has a background in economics and has participated in comparative research projects and publications about housing allowances, social housing, the private rented sector and housing finance.
Tommi Laanti is a Senior Analyst at the Department of Built Environment in the Ministry of the Environment (Finland). His field of work is government housing policy and housing finance subsidy systems.
Jacek Laszek is a Housing Finance Economist. For more than 20 years he has conducted research studies, analysis and consultations concerning housing finance systems in Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries. He is Professor at the Warsaw School of Economics and a leading advisor at the National Bank of Poland.
Jens Lunde has been Associate Professor in the Department of Finance at Copenhagen Business School since 1984. He has previously taught in the Department of Economics at the University of Copenhagen and worked for the Danish Ministry of Housing and the Danish Building Research Institute. His main specialisms are in housing finance with a particular emphasis on the analysis of individual data.
Martin Lux, Sociologist and Economist, is Head of the Department of Socio-Economics of Housing at the Institute of Sociology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. He has led and consulted on several international and national housing research projects.
Alexis Mundt, Economist and Historian, works as a research associate at the IIBW - Institute for Real Estate, Construction and Housing in Vienna. His areas of research include housing economics, comparative social policy and evaluations of housing policy in Austria and Europe.
Irene Peña is Chief Economist of the Spanish Mortgage Association, a specialised professional association consisting of the financial institutions that have a major presence in the Spanish mortgage market. She is also a member of several working groups of the European Mortgage Federation and the European Covered Bond Council.
Maria Plotnikova is a Lecturer in Economics at Aberystwyth University. Her research interests are in regional and urban economics, comparative housing systems and housing privatisation, particularly in Russia.
Hugo Priemus is Emeritus Professor of System Innovation Spatial Development and was previously professor of housing at TU Delft. His research interests include housing policy, spatial planning, land policy and urban transport. He has regularly advised the Netherlands government on issues around housing policy and finance.
Kathleen Scanlon, Assistant Professorial Research Fellow at the London School of Economics, specialises in housing, urban affairs and governance. She writes about housing systems and financing of both private and social housing and has worked on projects for the Council of Europe Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and the OECD.
Richard Sendi works as a Senior Researcher at the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia. He specialises in housing research and is the head of Housing Studies at the Institute. He is also the president of the Institute's Scientific Council.
Magnús Árni Skúlason is the Founder and Managing Director of Reykjavik Economics ehf. Prior to founding Reykjavík Economics he was Director of the Centre for Housing and Property Research at Bifröst University, where he was an Associate Professor in Economics until January 2007.
Eszter Somogyi is a Researcher at the Metropolitan Research Institute, Budapest. Her main fields of interest are urban sociology and housing policy. She focuses on housing affordability problems and the development of inclusive housing policy schemes for segregated areas.
Elisabeth Springler, Economist, is Study Programme Director at the University of Applied Sciences bfi-Vienna, Austria. Previously she was Assistant Professor at the Vienna University of Economics and Marshall Plan Chair at the University of New Orleans.
Petr Sunega is an Economist. His main research interests include tenure choice and labour oriented migration, housing finance and housing economics. He has published on these topics in books and journals including European Sociological Review, Housing Studies and Urban Studies.
Timo Tähtinen is a Senior Adviser at the Department of the Built Environment in the Ministry of the Environment in Finland. His field of work is housing and construction market analysis and he advises the Finnish government on a wide range of housing policy issues.
Andrey Tumanov has more than 10 years of experience researching housing finance issues and currently works as Market Analyst and Forecaster in the Market Analysis and Strategic Planning Department of the Agency for Housing Mortgage Lending, a Russian mortgage...
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