Let Me Heal

1. ANTECEDENTS The Search for Clinical Experience The Quest for Specialty Training The Passion for Discovery and the Birth of Clinical Science 2. JOHNS HOPKINS AND THE CREATION OF THE RESIDENCY Graduate Medical Education Enters the University The Scientific Practitioner and the Promise for the Nation Work as Play Diaspora 3. THE GROWTH OF GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION Completing the Infrastructure The Maturation of the Internship The Spread of the Residency In Search of a System 4. THE AMERICAN RESIDENCY Educational Principles The Moral Dimension of Graduate Medical Education The Learning Environment Cultural Influences 5. THE LIFE OF A PRE-WORLD WAR II HOUSE OFFICER Obtaining a Residency Experiencing the Residency Education and Service 6. CONSOLIDATING THE SYSTEM The Second Reform of Medical Education The Rise of the Specialty Boards and the Triumph of Residency Graduate Medical Education and the Public Good 7. THE EXPANSION OF THE RESIDENCY IN N ERA OF ABUNDANCE From Privilege to Right The Maturation of Clinical Science and the Creation of Subspecialty Fellowships The Ascendance of Specialty Practice The Propagation of Wastefulness 8. THE EVOLVING LEARNING ENVIRONMENT The Decline of the Ward Service The Preservation of Educational Quality Maintaining the Moral Mission 9. THE LIFE OF A POST-WORLD WAR II HOUSE OFFICER Changes and Continuities Quality, Safety, and Supervision Education and Service, Again 10. THE WEAKENING OF THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY The Marginalization of House Officers House Staff Activism The Discovery of Burnout 11. THE ERA OF HIGH THROUGHPUT The New Learning Environment The Subversion of the Moral Mission Changing Attitudes toward Work and Life 12. THE ERA OF ACCOUNTABILITY, PATIENT SAFETY, AND WORK-HOURS REGULATION Work Hours Restriction Perpetual Dilemmas 13. PRESERVING EXCELLENCE IN RESIDENCY TRAINING AND MEDICAL CARE Challenges, New and Old Aligning Education and Patient Care