The First Galaxies in the Universe

Preface xi

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION 1

Chapter 1 Introduction and Cosmological Background 3

- 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 3

- 1.2 Standard Cosmological Model 5

- 1.3 Milestones in Cosmic Evolution 15

- 1.4 Most Matter Is Dark 20

Chapter 2 Linear Growth of Cosmological Perturbations 25

- 2.1 Growth of Linear Perturbations 25

- 2.2 The Thermal History during the Dark Ages 35

Chapter 3 Nonlinear Structure and Halo Formation 41

- 3.1 Spherical Collapse 41

- 3.2 Cosmological Jeans Mass 45

- 3.3 Halo Properties 51

- 3.4 Abundance of Dark Matter Halos 56

- 3.5 Halo Clustering in Linear Theory 65

- 3.6 The Nonlinear Power Spectra of Dark Matter and Galaxies 68

- 3.7 Numerical Simulations of Structure Formation 78

Chapter 4 The Intergalactic Medium 92

- 4.1 The Cosmic Web 92

- 4.2 Lyman-a Absorption in the Intergalactic Medium 95

- 4.3 Theoretical Models of the Lyman-a Forest 100

- 4.4 The Metagalactic Ionizing Background 114

- 4.5 The Helium-Ionizing Background 120

- 4.6 Metal-Line Systems 121

- 4.7 The Lyman-a Forest at z > 5 125

PART II. THE FIRST STRUCTURES 131

Chapter 5 The First Stars 133

- 5.1 From Virialized Halos to Protostars 136

- 5.2 From Protostars to Stars 144

- 5.3 The Second Generation of Stars: "Population III.2" 157

- 5.4 Properties of the First Stars 163

- 5.5 The End States of Population III Stars 168

- 5.6 Gamma-Ray Bursts: The Brightest Explosions 170

Chapter 6 Stellar Feedback and Galaxy Formation 174

- 6.1 The Ultraviolet Background and H2 Photodissociation 174

- 6.2 The X-ray Background: Positive Feedback 184

- 6.3 Radiative Feedback: Mechanical Effects 186

- 6.4 Galactic Superwinds and Mechanical Feedback 192

- 6.5 Metal Enrichment and the Transition to Population II Star Formation 201

- 6.6 The First Galaxies 211

Chapter 7 Supermassive Black Holes 217

- 7.1 Quasars and Black Holes: An Overview 217

- 7.2 Basic Principles of Astrophysical Black Holes 222

- 7.3 Accretion of Gas onto Black Holes 225

- 7.4 The First Black Holes and Quasars 232

- 7.5 Black Holes and Galaxies 237

- 7.6 Black Hole Binaries 244

- 7.7 Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Mergers 247

Chapter 8 Physics of Galaxy Evolution 251

- 8.1 High-Redshift Galaxies 251

- 8.2 Gas Accretion 253

- 8.3 Halo Mergers 255

- 8.4 Disk Formation 256

- 8.5 Star Formation in Galaxies 258

- 8.6 Black Hole Growth in Galaxies 263

- 8.7 Feedback and Galaxy Evolution 264

- 8.8 From Galaxy Model to Stellar Spectra 266

- 8.9 Signatures of the Interstellar Medium 269

- 8.10 Gravitational Lensing 275

Chapter 9 The Reionization of Intergalactic Hydrogen 283

- 9.1 Propagation of Ionization Fronts 283

- 9.2 Global Ionization History 288

- 9.3 The Phases of Hydrogen Reionization 291

- 9.4 The Morphology of Reionization 293

- 9.5 Recombinations inside Ionized Regions 302

- 9.6 Simulations of Reionization 308

- 9.7 Statistical Properties of the Ionization Field 315

- 9.8 Reionization by Quasars and Other Exotic Sources 319

- 9.9 Feedback from Reionization: Photoheating 326

PART III. OBSERVATIONS OF THE COSMIC DAWN 335

Chapter 10 Surveys of High-Redshift Galaxies 337

- 10.1 Telescopes for Observing High-Redshift Galaxies 337

- 10.2 Methods for Identifying High-Redshift Galaxies 340

- 10.3 Luminosity and Mass Functions 350

- 10.4 The Statistics of Galaxy Surveys 357

Chapter 11 The Lyman-a Line as a Probe of the Early Universe 367

- 11.1 Lyman-a Emission from Galaxies 367

- 11.2 The Gunn-Peterson Trough 375

- 11.3 IGM Scattering in the Blue Wing of the Lyman-a Line 376

- 11.4 The Red Damping Wing 382

- 11.5 The Lyman-a Forest as a Probe of the Reionization Topology 388

- 11.6 Lyman-a halos around Distant Sources 390

- 11.7 Lyman-a Emitters during the Reionization Era 396

Chapter 12 The 21-cm Line 408

- 12.1 Radiative Transfer of the 21-cm Line 410

- 12.2 The Spin Temperature 412

- 12.3 The Brightness Temperature of the Spin-Flip Background 420

- 12.4 The Monopole of the Brightness Temperature 428

- 12.5 Statistical Fluctuations in the Spin-Flip Background 432

- 12.6 Spin-Flip Fluctuations during the Cosmic Dawn 439

- 12.7 Mapping the Spin-Flip Background 446

Chapter 13 Other Probes of the First Galaxies 459

- 13.1 Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies from the Cosmic Dawn 459

- 13.2 Diffuse Backgrounds from the Cosmic Dawn 470

- 13.3 The Cross-Correlation of Different Probes 484

- 13.4 The Fossil Record of the Local Group 488

Appendix A Useful Numbers 495
Appendix B Cosmological Parameters 497
Notes 499
Further Reading 509
Index 513