Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Mercury

1 - ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY OF MERCURY [Seite 3]
1.1 - CONTENTS [Seite 7]
1.2 - PREFACE [Seite 15]
1.3 - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS [Seite 17]
1.4 - CONTRIBUTORS [Seite 19]
1.5 - 1 OVERVIEW OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT [Seite 23]
1.5.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 23]
1.5.2 - 1.2 Toxicity and Health Risks of Mercury Exposure [Seite 24]
1.5.3 - 1.3 Sources of Mercury [Seite 24]
1.5.4 - 1.4 Overview of Mercury Biogeochemical Cycling [Seite 29]
1.5.5 - 1.5 Structure of the Book [Seite 30]
1.5.6 - 1.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 31]
1.5.7 - References [Seite 31]
1.6 - PART I ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENTS [Seite 35]
1.6.1 - 2 ADVANCES IN SPECIATION ANALYSIS OF MERCURY IN THE ENVIRONMENT [Seite 37]
1.6.1.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 37]
1.6.1.2 - 2.2 Sample Preparation for Hg Speciation in Environmental Samples [Seite 38]
1.6.1.3 - 2.3 Application of GC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis [Seite 54]
1.6.1.4 - 2.4 Application of HPLC Technique in Hg Speciation Analysis [Seite 58]
1.6.1.5 - 2.5 Application of Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques in Hg Speciation Analysis [Seite 61]
1.6.1.6 - 2.6 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Probing Chemical Microenvironment of Hg [Seite 62]
1.6.1.7 - 2.7 Application of Stable Isotope Dilution Technique in Mercury Speciation Analysis [Seite 63]
1.6.1.8 - 2.8 Summary [Seite 65]
1.6.1.9 - References [Seite 66]
1.6.2 - 3 MEASURING GAS PHASE MERCURY EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS [Seite 81]
1.6.2.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 81]
1.6.2.2 - 3.2 Standardized Methods for Measuring Mercury [Seite 94]
1.6.2.3 - 3.3 Mercury Continuous Emission Monitors (CEMs) [Seite 103]
1.6.2.4 - 3.4 Future Outlook [Seite 117]
1.6.2.5 - References [Seite 118]
1.7 - PART II SPECIATION AND TRANSFORMATION [Seite 133]
1.7.1 - 4 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY OF MERCURY [Seite 135]
1.7.1.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 135]
1.7.1.2 - 4.2 The Overall Picture [Seite 136]
1.7.1.3 - 4.3 Chemical Transformations in the Gas Phase [Seite 140]
1.7.1.4 - 4.4 Chemical Transformations in the Aqueous Phase [Seite 153]
1.7.1.5 - 4.5 Redox Chemistry at the Interface Between the Atmosphere and Earth's Surfaces [Seite 158]
1.7.1.6 - 4.6 Atmospheric Implications of the Identified Redox Pathways [Seite 161]
1.7.1.7 - 4.7 Future Research Needs [Seite 165]
1.7.1.8 - References [Seite 166]
1.7.2 - 5 MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE MERCURY CYCLE [Seite 177]
1.7.2.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 177]
1.7.2.2 - 5.2 Mercury Methylation [Seite 180]
1.7.2.3 - 5.3 Methylmercury Degradation [Seite 190]
1.7.2.4 - 5.4 Redox Cycling of Inorganic Hg [Seite 191]
1.7.2.5 - 5.5 Conclusions [Seite 201]
1.7.2.6 - References [Seite 202]
1.7.3 - 6 PHOTOREACTIONS OF MERCURY IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS [Seite 215]
1.7.3.1 - 6.1 Significance of Mercury Photoreactions [Seite 215]
1.7.3.2 - 6.2 Concepts in Mercury Photoreactions [Seite 216]
1.7.3.3 - 6.3 Current Methods in Mercury Photochemistry [Seite 231]
1.7.3.4 - 6.4 Summary [Seite 233]
1.7.3.5 - References [Seite 234]
1.7.4 - 7 CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF MERCURY IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT [Seite 241]
1.7.4.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 241]
1.7.4.2 - 7.2 Physicochemical Properties, Oxidation States, Chemical Forms, Structures, and Concentrations of Mercury in the Environment [Seite 242]
1.7.4.3 - 7.3 Aqueous Phase: Major Ligands and Their Affinities for Mercury(II) [Seite 244]
1.7.4.4 - 7.4 Liquid and Solid Phases of Mercury in Soils and Sediments [Seite 251]
1.7.4.5 - 7.5 Reactions of Mercury(II) with Soil and Sediment Particle Surfaces [Seite 253]
1.7.4.6 - 7.6 Stabilization of Nanoparticulate Mercury(II) Sulfides by Natural Organic Matter [Seite 259]
1.7.4.7 - 7.7 Solubility and Chemical Speciation of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments [Seite 259]
1.7.4.8 - 7.8 Methods for Studying the Chemistry of Mercury(II) in Soils and Sediments [Seite 270]
1.7.4.9 - 7.9 Future Research Needs [Seite 271]
1.7.4.10 - References [Seite 274]
1.7.5 - 8 THE EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER ON MERCURY BIOGEOCHEMISTRY [Seite 281]
1.7.5.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 281]
1.7.5.2 - 8.2 Dissolved Organic Matter [Seite 282]
1.7.5.3 - 8.3 Field Observations [Seite 285]
1.7.5.4 - 8.4 Effects of DOM on Mercury Distributions Between Solution and Particles [Seite 287]
1.7.5.5 - 8.5 Mercury Binding Strength [Seite 290]
1.7.5.6 - 8.6 Mercury Binding Environment [Seite 293]
1.7.5.7 - 8.7 Methylmercury Binding Strength and Environment [Seite 296]
1.7.5.8 - 8.8 DOM and Mercury Mineral Dissolution [Seite 298]
1.7.5.9 - 8.9 DOM and Mercury Mineral Precipitation [Seite 302]
1.7.5.10 - References [Seite 306]
1.7.6 - 9 TRACKING GEOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND TRANSPORT OF MERCURY THROUGH ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION [Seite 315]
1.7.6.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 315]
1.7.6.2 - 9.2 Fractionation of Mercury Isotopes in Environmental Processes [Seite 322]
1.7.6.3 - 9.3 Hg Isotope Variations in Nature [Seite 337]
1.7.6.4 - 9.4 Summary [Seite 341]
1.7.6.5 - References [Seite 342]
1.8 - PART III TRANSPORT AND FATE [Seite 351]
1.8.1 - 10 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF MERCURY [Seite 353]
1.8.1.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 353]
1.8.1.2 - 10.2 General Concepts of Mercury Cycling in the Atmosphere [Seite 353]
1.8.1.3 - 10.3 Methods for Studying Atmospheric Mercury Transport [Seite 358]
1.8.1.4 - 10.4 Assessments of Airborne Mercury Pollution [Seite 364]
1.8.1.5 - 10.5 Knowledge Gaps [Seite 376]
1.8.1.6 - References [Seite 378]
1.8.2 - 11 ADSORPTION OF MERCURY ON SOLIDS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT [Seite 389]
1.8.2.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 389]
1.8.2.2 - 11.2 Adsorption of Mercury on Solids [Seite 391]
1.8.2.3 - 11.3 Role of Colloids in Mercury Adsorption [Seite 396]
1.8.2.4 - 11.4 Concluding Remarks [Seite 402]
1.8.2.5 - References [Seite 403]
1.8.3 - 12 EXCHANGE OF ELEMENTAL MERCURY BETWEEN THE OCEANS AND THE ATMOSPHERE [Seite 411]
1.8.3.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 411]
1.8.3.2 - 12.2 Models of Gas Exchange of Elemental Mercury at the Air-Sea Interface [Seite 412]
1.8.3.3 - 12.3 Field Studies of Ocean-To-Air Fluxes of Mercury [Seite 420]
1.8.3.4 - 12.4 Rate Constants for Reduction and Oxidation of Mercury Species in Ocean Waters [Seite 422]
1.8.3.5 - 12.5 Modeling Studies Estimating Oceanic Air-Sea Exchange [Seite 433]
1.8.3.6 - 12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions [Seite 437]
1.8.3.7 - References [Seite 438]
1.8.4 - 13 EXCHANGE OF MERCURY BETWEEN THE ATMOSPHERE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS [Seite 445]
1.8.4.1 - 13.1 General Overview [Seite 445]
1.8.4.2 - 13.2 Methods and Tools Applied for Measurement and Understanding of Air-Terrestrial Surface Exchange [Seite 447]
1.8.4.3 - 13.3 Measured Fluxes [Seite 455]
1.8.4.4 - 13.4 Conclusions [Seite 464]
1.8.4.5 - References [Seite 466]
1.9 - PART IV BIOACCUMULATION, TOXICITY, AND METALLOMICS [Seite 475]
1.9.1 - 14 BIOACCUMULATION AND BIOMAGNIFICATION OF MERCURY THROUGH FOOD WEBS [Seite 477]
1.9.1.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 477]
1.9.1.2 - 14.2 Mercury in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms [Seite 479]
1.9.1.3 - 14.3 Mercury within Organisms [Seite 486]
1.9.1.4 - 14.4 Factors Affecting Mercury in Biota [Seite 487]
1.9.1.5 - 14.5 Biomagnification of Mercury Through Food Webs [Seite 496]
1.9.1.6 - 14.6 Mercury Stable Isotopes in Bioaccumulation Studies [Seite 503]
1.9.1.7 - 14.7 Case Study-Kejimkujik National Park and Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada [Seite 504]
1.9.1.8 - 14.8 Conclusions [Seite 506]
1.9.1.9 - References [Seite 507]
1.9.2 - 15 A REVIEW OF MERCURY TOXICITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO METHYLMERCURY [Seite 523]
1.9.2.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 523]
1.9.2.2 - 15.2 Global Mercury Emission into the Atmosphere [Seite 524]
1.9.2.3 - 15.3 Metabolism and Toxicity of Chemical Forms of Mercury [Seite 525]
1.9.2.4 - 15.4 Risk Assessment of Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury [Seite 531]
1.9.2.5 - 15.5 Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption for Brain Development [Seite 532]
1.9.2.6 - 15.6 Exceptional Methylmercury Exposure Through Rice [Seite 532]
1.9.2.7 - 15.7 Summary [Seite 533]
1.9.2.8 - References [Seite 533]
1.9.3 - 16 METALLOMICS OF MERCURY: ROLE OF THIOLAND SELENOL-CONTAINING BIOMOLECULES [Seite 539]
1.9.3.1 - 16.1 Introduction [Seite 539]
1.9.3.2 - 16.2 Metallomics of Mercury [Seite 539]
1.9.3.3 - 16.3 Mercury and Methylmercury Complexes with Thiol-Containing Biomolecules [Seite 541]
1.9.3.4 - 16.4 Mercury and Methylmercury Binding to Selenol-Containing Biomolecules [Seite 544]
1.9.3.5 - 16.5 Lability of Mercury or Methylmercury Complexes with Thiols or Selenols [Seite 546]
1.9.3.6 - 16.6 Thiol-Containing Biomolecules in the Uptake and Metabolism of Mercury [Seite 548]
1.9.3.7 - 16.7 Selenium Aided Biomineralization of Mercury and Methylmercury [Seite 551]
1.9.3.8 - 16.8 Analytical and Modeling Approaches [Seite 553]
1.9.3.9 - 16.9 Conclusion [Seite 560]
1.9.3.10 - References [Seite 560]
1.9.4 - 17 HUMAN HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF DIETARY EXPOSURES TO METHYLMERCURY [Seite 567]
1.9.4.1 - 17.1 Introduction [Seite 567]
1.9.4.2 - 17.2 Methylmercury Exposure [Seite 568]
1.9.4.3 - 17.3 Nutrients in Fish and Seafood [Seite 570]
1.9.4.4 - 17.4 Major Prospective Cohort Studies [Seite 571]
1.9.4.5 - 17.5 Health Effects [Seite 574]
1.9.4.6 - 17.6 Cardiovascular Outcomes [Seite 577]
1.9.4.7 - 17.7 Nutrient and Methylmercury Exposure as Predictors of Developmental Outcomes [Seite 578]
1.9.4.8 - 17.8 Confounding Variables [Seite 579]
1.9.4.9 - 17.9 Risk Assessment and Exposure Imprecision [Seite 580]
1.9.4.10 - 17.10 Conclusions [Seite 581]
1.10 - References [Seite 583]
1.11 - INDEX [Seite 591]