C++ Primer

Preface xxiii Chapter 1: Getting Started 1

1.1 Writing a Simple C++ Program 2

1.2 A First Look at Input/Output 5

1.3 A Word About Comments 9

1.4 Flow of Control 11

1.5 Introducing Classes 19

1.6 The Bookstore Program 24

Chapter Summary 26

Defined Terms 26



Part I: The Basics 29

Chapter 2: Variables and Basic Types 31

2.1 Primitive Built-in Types 32

2.2 Variables 41

2.3 Compound Types 50

2.4 const Qualifier 59

2.5 Dealing with Types 67

2.6 Defining Our Own Data Structures 72

Chapter Summary 78

Defined Terms 78



Chapter 3: Strings, Vectors, and Arrays 81

3.1 Namespace using Declarations 82

3.2 Library string Type 84

3.3 Library vector Type 96

3.4 Introducing Iterators 106

3.5 Arrays 113

3.6 Multidimensional Arrays 125

Chapter Summary 131

Defined Terms 131



Chapter 4: Expressions 133

4.1 Fundamentals 134

4.2 Arithmetic Operators 139

4.3 Logical and Relational Operators 141

4.4 Assignment Operators 144

4.5 Increment and Decrement Operators 147

4.6 The Member Access Operators 150

4.7 The Conditional Operator 151

4.8 The Bitwise Operators 152

4.9 The sizeof Operator 156

4.10 Comma Operator 157

4.11 Type Conversions 159

4.12 Operator Precedence Table 166

Chapter Summary 168

Defined Terms 168



Chapter 5: Statements 171

5.1 Simple Statements 172

5.2 Statement Scope 174

5.3 Conditional Statements 174

5.4 Iterative Statements 183

5.5 Jump Statements 190

5.6 try Blocks and Exception Handling 193

Chapter Summary 199

Defined Terms 199



Chapter 6: Functions 201

6.1 Function Basics 202

6.2 Argument Passing 208

6.3 Return Types and the return Statement 222

6.4 Overloaded Functions 230

6.5 Features for Specialized Uses 236

6.6 Function Matching 242

6.7 Pointers to Functions 247

Chapter Summary 251

Defined Terms 251



Chapter 7: Classes 253

7.1 Defining Abstract Data Types 254

7.2 Access Control and Encapsulation 268

7.3 Additional Class Features 271

7.4 Class Scope 282

7.5 Constructors Revisited 288

7.6 static Class Members 300

Chapter Summary 305

Defined Terms 305



Part II: The C++ Library 307

Chapter 8: The IO Library 309

8.1 The IO Classes 310

8.2 File Input and Output 316

8.3 string Streams 321

Chapter Summary 324

Defined Terms 324



Chapter 9: Sequential Containers 325

9.1 Overview of the Sequential Containers 326

9.2 Container Library Overview 328

9.3 Sequential Container Operations 341

9.4 How a vector Grows 355

9.5 Additional string Operations 360

9.6 Container Adaptors 368

Chapter Summary 372

Defined Terms 372



Chapter 10: Generic Algorithms 375

10.1 Overview 376

10.2 A First Look at the Algorithms 378

10.3 Customizing Operations 385

10.4 Revisiting Iterators 401

10.5 Structure of Generic Algorithms 410

10.6 Container-Specific Algorithms 415

Chapter Summary 417

Defined Terms 417



Chapter 11: Associative Containers 419

11.1 Using an Associative Container 420

11.2 Overview of the Associative Containers 423

11.3 Operations on Associative Containers 428

11.4 The Unordered Containers 443

Chapter Summary 447

Defined Terms 447



Chapter 12: Dynamic Memory 449

12.1 Dynamic Memory and Smart Pointers 450

12.2 Dynamic Arrays 476

12.3 Using the Library: A Text-Query Program 484

Chapter Summary 491

Defined Terms 491



Part III: Tools for Class Authors 493

Chapter 13: Copy Control 495

13.1 Copy, Assign, and Destroy 496

13.2 Copy Control and Resource Management 510

13.3 Swap 516

13.4 A Copy-Control Example 519

13.5 Classes that Manage Dynamic Memory 524

13.6 Moving Objects 531

Chapter Summary 549

Defined Terms 549



Chapter 14: Overloaded Operations and Conversions 551

14.1 Basic Concepts 552

14.2 Input and Output Operators 556

14.3 Arithmetic and Relational Operators 560

14.4 Assignment Operators 563

14.5 Subscript Operator 564

14.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 566

14.7 Member Access Operators 569

14.8 Function-Call Operator 571

14.9 Overloading, Conversions, and Operators 579

Chapter Summary 590

Defined Terms 590



Chapter 15: Object-Oriented Programming 591

15.1 OOP: An Overview 592

15.2 Defining Base and Derived Classes 594

15.3 Virtual Functions 603

15.4 Abstract Base Classes 608

15.5 Access Control and Inheritance 511

15.6 Class Scope under Inheritance 617

15.7 Constructors and Copy Control 622

15.8 Containers and Inheritance 630

15.9 Text Queries Revisited 634

Chapter Summary 649

Defined Terms 649



Chapter 16: Templates and Generic Programming 651

16.1 Defining a Template 652

16.2 Template Argument Deduction 678

16.3 Overloading and Templates 694

16.4 Variadic Templates 699

16.5 Template Specializations 706

Chapter Summary 713

Defined Terms 713



Part IV: Advanced Topics 715

Chapter 17: Specialized Library Facilities 717

17.1 The tuple Type 718

17.2 The bitset Type 723

17.3 Regular Expressions 728

17.4 Random Numbers 745

17.5 The IO Library Revisited 752

Chapter Summary 769

Defined Terms 769



Chapter 18: Tools for Large Programs 771

18.1 Exception Handling 772

18.2 Namespaces 785

18.3 Multiple and Virtual Inheritance 802

Chapter Summary 816

Defined Terms 816



Chapter 19: Specialized Tools and Techniques 819

19.1 Controlling Memory Allocation 820

19.2 Run-Time Type Identification 825

19.3 Enumerations 832

19.4 Pointer to Class Member 835

19.5 Nested Classes 843

19.6 Union: A Space-Saving Class 847

19.7 Local Classes 852

19.8 Inherently Nonportable Features 854

Chapter Summary 862

Defined Terms 862



Appendix A: The Library 865

A.1 Library Names and Headers 866

A.2 A Brief Tour of the Algorithms 870

A.3 Random Numbers 882



Index 887