Computer Programming and Architecture

PrefaceI Architecture and Implementation Organization of This Book Review of Number Systems Number Systems Binary and Hexadecimal Representations Negative Numbers Exercises2 Computer Structures and the VAX Computer Structures The Memory The Central Processing Unit Instruction Execution Classes of Instruction Architectures The Input/Output System Describing Computer Structures Introduction to the VAX VAX Information Units and Data Types Integers Floating-Point Numbers Alphanumeric Characters Decimal Strings Summary of Data Types Summary Exercises3 The Program Assembler and Debugger Assembler Statement Types VAX Instruction Format The Functions of a Symbolic Assembler The Location Counter Symbols Constants Storage Allocation Storing Strings Expressions Control Statements Labels The Listing The Assembly Process The Program Debugger Using the Debugger Examining and Depositing Basic Control Flow Setting Breakpoints, Watchpoints, and Tracepoints Using the Screen First Program Example: Simple Output Conventions for Writing Programs Exercises4 Instruction and Addressing Fundamentals VAX Instruction Characteristics Generic Operations Control Flow Operand-Addressing Techniques Simple Addressing Immediate Mode General-Purpose Registers Indirect Mode Register Autoincrement and Autodecrement Modes Operand Context Displacement Mode Index Mode A Simple Example Exercises5 VAX Instruction Encoding General Instruction Format Encoding an Instruction Program-Counter Relative Addressing Immediate Addressing Absolute Addressing Branch Addressing Summary Exercises5 Advanced Control Structures The Jump Instruction Case Statements Loops The Stack Subroutines and Procedures Argument Lists and Call Instructions The Argument Pointer Saving Registers An Example Procedure The Call Frame Local Variables Fast Linkages Recursion Reentrant Routines Macros Creating Local Labels Macro Calls within Macro Definitions Argument Concatenation Repeat Blocks Conditional Assembly Summary Exercises 7 More VAX Data Types Bits and Bit Fields Logical Bit Instructions Single-Bit Instructions Variable-Length Bit Fields Converting Integer Data Types Character Strings Packed Decimal String Instructions Multiple-Precision Integer Arithmetic Floating-Point Arithmetic Exercises 8 Linked Data Structures Multi-Element Structures and Records Arrays Circular Lists Linked Lists Doubly Linked Lists Self-Relative Queues Trees Summary Exercises9 Analysis of the VAX Instruction Set Exercises 1 0 Comparative Architectures General Issues in Instruction Set Design The IBM System 360/370 The CDC Cyber Series The Intel 80386 Microprocessor Reduced Instruction Set Computers Berkeley RISC II Summary Exercises11 Physical Input and Output I/O Processing Control and Status Registers and I/O Space Low-Speed Devices The Line Printer Terminal Multiplexing High-Speed Devices Magnetic Disks Simplified Disk Control Magnetic Tape Mass Storage Control Protocol Networks The Initial Bootstrap Problem Summary Exercises1 2 The Support of an Operating System Sharing the Processor Sharing the Memory Processes Processor Access Modes Process Access Mode Stacks Changing Modes Checking for Accessibility Process Context Switching Summary of Process Concepts VAX Memory Management VAX Memory Structure VAX Page Tables VAX Address-Space Regions System Space Process Space Privileged Processor Registers Summary of Memory Management