Emergency Neurology

Part 1 - Diagnostic dilemmas in adult patients 1. Coma with fever - Important issues include the timing of lumbar puncture and imaging studies. 2. Agitated delirium - Here a first step is to organize the logistics and timing for sedating or restraining the patient, and choice of testing. 3. Post carotid endarterectomy neurological deficit - This frightening presentation requires rapid elucidation of causes and prompt treatment. 4. Prolonged migraine aura - When migraine aura is not abating and imaging is normal, several possibilities must be excluded. 5. Suspected meningitis with contraindication to lumbar puncture - When there is a clotting abnormality (e.g. inherited, high INR due to anticoagualtion, or low platelets) how can the investigation be done safely? 6. New diffuse weakness - With a normal exam, the differential diagnosis is large; psychogenic, general medical causes, and early demyelinating polyradiculopathy must be excluded. 7. Subacute paraparesis and hyperreflexia in an elderly patient - This presentation with severe C spine spondylopathy on imaging does not always provide obvious answers to questions of diagnosis(es) or best treatment. 8. Isolated vertigo - An extremely common presentation which often confuses the evaluating physician as symptoms and signs of central and peripheral causes overlap. 9. Syncope - When the answer is not immediately clear and when the patient has a normal ECG, orthostatic vital signs and exam, arriving at the correct diagnosis requires some investigation. 10. Acute monocular vision loss - After ophthalmological causes have been ruled out neurologists are called on to sort out the remaining possibilities, in hopes of restoring visual acuity or at least preventing progression. 11. Thunderclap headache - A number of causes are now known for "the worst headache of your life", and each must be considered. 12. Febrile delirium - When accompanied by rigidity there are a number of causes with overlapping presentations. Part 2 - Therapeutic dilemmas in adult patients 13. Stroke after 3 hours - The previously enforced 3 hour time limit for thrombolysis is not appropriate for all patients and it is the neurologist's job to select cases which might benefit from intervention 14. Cardioembolic stroke with contraindication for anticoagulation - Options for preventing risk of re-stroke must be considered in these worrisome cases. 15. Progressive posterior circulation ischemia - This is always an ominous presentation, where good treatment alternatives are sparse 16. Recurrent TIAs - Another worrisome presentation where a coherent paradigm is important for determining the best methods for preventing subsequent stroke. 17. Intractable status epilepticus - It is clear that the longer the seizure activity continues, the higher chance of irreversible brain injury, so time is of the essence. Several simple paradigms are presented. 18. Severe refractory migraine headache - A list of good alternatives is provided for this familiar emergency room scenario. 19. Acute lumbar radicular pain - Several approaches for this common presentation are discussed. 20. Posttraumatic paraplegia - Here, protecting the spinal cord is of the utmost importance and current best practices to accomplish this are reviewed. 21. Acute neuralgic pain - This can be so severe, especially in elderly patients, as to bring them in agony to the emergency department. Fortunately, there are not only good prophylactic options but some useful interventions for acute pain as well. Part 3 -Neuropsychiatric, ethical and legal dilemmas 22. Decision-making capacity in a neurological patient - Confused patients may not be able to understand or give consent for testing or treatment. Alternatives are discussed. 23. Functional parapareses - When non-neurologic appearing hemiplegia or paraplegia is seen, there are a number of useful options diagnostically and therapeutically. 24. Recurrent non-epileptic seizures - Patients with presentations suggestive of non-epileptic spells can often be identified early, which improves the chances of success. 25. Intracranial mass in an HIV-infected patient - Several paradigms have been proposed for diagnosis and initial treatment, and these are reviewed. 26. First seizure - The pevalence of a person having a single seizure is high. The chances of underlying treatable pathology and of seizure recurrence can differ based on certain variables. Thus the need for investigation and treatment in different settings are discussed Part 4 -Pediatric dilemmas in neurology 27. Severe migraine headache in a child - Migraine affects many children, and are often refractory to treatment. Several good options are provided. 28. Febrile seizure - Typical and atypical febrile seizures are discussed along with testing and treatment options. 29. Acute childhood ataxia - The differential diagnosis is reviewed, including the most common explanation, benign self-limited postinfectious 'acute cerebellar ataxia'. 30. Confusion in a child with suspected abuse - The types of abuse are discussed and an approach to clarifying and handling these presentations is described. 31. Concussion - As more is learned about the risks following concussion, new recommendations are being made about return to activities and overall management. 32. Stroke in an adolescent - Stroke may be uncommon in this age group but not unheard of. A standard approach is discussed.