Histories of Computing in Eastern Europe

Name: Histories of Computing in Eastern Europe | IFIP WG 9.7 International Workshop on the History of Computing, HC 2018, Held at the 24th IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018, Poznan, Poland, September 19-21, 2018, Revised Selected Papers
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IFIP WG 9.7 International Workshop on the History of Computing, HC 2018, Held at the 24th IFIP World Computer Congress, WCC 2018, Poznan, Poland, September 19-21, 2018, Revised Selected Papers

Christopher Leslie Martin Schmitt(Herausgeber*in)

Springer (Verlag)

Erschienen am 11. September 2019

X, 343 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Preface
Organization
Contents
Eastern Europe
Armenian Computers: First Generations
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The M-3 Computer: The First Experience
3 Further Developments
4 Razdan-2 and Razdan-3
5 Nairi and Nairi-2
6 Conclusion
References
The Emergence of Computing Disciplines in Communist Czechoslovakia: What's in a (Sovietized) Name?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 A Broader Context: Education in Communist Czechoslovakia
3 The Beginnings: The Reign of Cybernetics
3.1 The Position of Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
3.2 Cybernetics in Czechoslovakia
3.3 The Doctrine of Management/Control
4 The Emergence of New Computing Disciplines
4.1 The Role of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
4.2 The Conception
4.3 Learning from the Soviets
4.4 Academic Programs to Be Created
4.5 Results One Year Later
5 Discussion and Epilogue
5.1 From Numerical Mathematics to Mathematical Informatics
5.2 From Electronic Computers to Computer Technology and Informatics
5.3 From Automated Management/Control Systems to Applied Informatics
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
László Kalmár and the First University-Level Programming and Computer Science Training in Hungary
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Computers and Education in Late 1950s Hungary
3 László Kalmár's Work in Szeged
4 The Fast Track to the First Programming and Computer Science Training
5 Lack of Internships
6 Programming Without Computers
7 The Training Becomes a Major: The Later Years in Szeged
8 Other Early Programs
9 Kalmár's Writings on Education and Computers
10 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Appendix A: The Curricula of the First Three Classes
Appendix B: Master's Theses of the First Three Classes
Appendix C: Kalmár's Fictional Machines
Appendix D: Kalmár's Abstract on the "Application of Ad Hoc Instruction Groups in the Education of 'Program Designers'"
References
Poland
Early Computer Development in Poland
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Apparatuses Group
3 Analog or Digital?
4 From ABC to XYZ
5 We Need More Computers
6 ELWRO
7 RYAD
8 Conclusions
References
The Long Road Toward the Rejewski-Rózycki-Zygalski Cipher Center in Poznan
Abstract
1 A Bit of History
1.1 Start of the Story: The Monument
1.2 Long Road to the Cipher Center
1.3 Rejewski, Rózycki, Zygalski Cipher Center
Soviet Union
Anatoly Kitov and Victor Glushkov: Pioneers of Russian Digital Economy and Informatics
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Anatoly Ivanovich Kitov
3 Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov
4 The Works of A. I. Kitov on the Use of Computers in the Economy: The Red Book Project
5 Victor M. Glushkov, a Theorist of the Information Society and the OGAS Project
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
On the History of Gosplan, the Main Computer Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Abstract
1 Prerequisites for Creation the Main Computing Center of the USSR State Planning Committee
2 The Tasks of the Main Computer Center of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and Its Development
3 Periods of Use of Various Computers
4 The Main Computer Center's Coordinating Role in the USSR and Socialist Countries
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Main Teleprocessing Monitors for Third-Generation Computers in the USSR
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Creating and Using the First Telemonitors
3 System Telemonitors CICS (IBM, USA) and KAMA (USSR)
4 The System Telemonitor DRIVER (ICL, UK)
5 The System Telemonitor PRIMUS (USSR)
6 The System Telemonitor OB (USSR)
7 OB's Second Life
8 Conclusion
References
CoCom and Comecon
Socialist Life of a U.S. Army Computer in the GDR's Financial Sector
Abstract
1 Introduction: Why Did the GDR's Ministry of Finance Import a Computer from the U.S. Army?
2 Computerization for Socialist Progress: The Electronic Data Processing Program of 1964 as the Basis of an Alternative Information Age
3 Import vs. Autarchy in a Not-so-Hostile International Landscape
3.1 Why Did the Ministry of Finance Decide on an American Computer?
3.2 Reframing the UCT II as a Midrange Universal Vomputer
3.3 A Changing International Landscape and the Decision Against a Socialist Machine
3.4 Computer Import Under Embargo Regulations: Adaptation for Security
4 Kickstarting the Socialist EDP Program: How GDR's Financial Sector Adapted the Import Computer
4.1 Installation of the UCT II: Adapting the Computer to Local Conditions
4.2 Early Use: The UCT II as the Data Processing Power Horse of the Ministry of Finance
4.3 Having Done the Job: Transition from UCT II to Robotron 300
4.4 Maintaining a Foreign Computer: How GDR Technicians Kept the UCT II Running
4.5 The Process of Aging: Use of the UCT II After It Fulfilled Its Task
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Appendix: Computer Imports into the GDR, 1956-1970
References
Cooperating with Moscow, Stealing in California: Poland's Legal and Illicit Acquisition of Microelectronics Knowhow from 1960 to 1990
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Thesis
4 Poland's Starting Position in the Computer Market
5 First Path: Learning and Buying from the West: 1950s-1970s
6 Second Path: Learning from USSR and Cooperation in Comecon: 1960s to 1970s
7 Third Path: Stealing in the West in the 1970s and 1980s [51]
8 Fourth Path: Intelligence Sharing with Warsaw Pact Partners in the 1980s
9 Conclusion and Further Prospects
Acknowledgement
Appendix - Statistics on Intelligence Gathering from 1987 to 1989
References
From CoCom to Dot-Com: Technological Determinisms in Computing Blockades, 1949 to 1994
Abstract
1 Introduction
1.1 International Relations Frameworks
1.2 Science and Technology Studies Frameworks
2 Establishment of the Economic Blockade Concept
2.1 Enforcing U.S. Policy Beyond Its Borders
2.2 CoCom Expansion and Chincom
2.3 Computing in the Early Years of CoCom
3 Relaxation of CoCom with a New Definition of Technology
3.1 The Politics of Technologies
3.2 Reevaluating the Threat Posed by Equipment
3.3 Adding Computers to CoCom
4 Personal Computing and CoCom
4.1 Unintentional Impact on Universities
4.2 Reevaluating Restrictions on Computers
4.3 Increasing the Cultural Argument Against CoCom
4.4 Diversions Weaken CoCom Credibility
5 Ending CoCom in the Age of the Dot-Com Boom
5.1 Connecting Eastern Europe to Information Networks
5.2 Post-Cold War Reevaluation
5.3 Closing CoCom: A New Determinism
6 Conclusion
References
Analog Computing
Israel Abraham Staffel: Lost Book Is Found
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Brief Biography and Inventions
4 Staffel's Calculating Machines
5 Supplements and Corrections
6 Staffel's Innovation
7 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Mathematicians at the Scottish Café
Abstract
1 Prologue
2 Introduction
3 Brochwicz-Lewinski and the Scottish Café Building
4 Tomasz Zielinski and the Scottish Café
5 Knajpes and the Scottish Café
6 Mathematicians in the Scottish Café
6.1 The Academic Scene
6.2 Stefan Banach
6.3 The Scottish Book
7 The Beginning and the End of Everything
7.1 The End of the Scottish Book and Scottish Café
7.2 Murders and Other Deaths
8 A New Start
8.1 The Old Scottish Book, Wroclaw and the New Scottish Book
9 Conclusions
References
Background Literature
Public History
Discovering Eastern Europe PCs by Hacking Them . Today
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 A Diverse Galaxy
2.1 The Map
2.2 Insights and Stories
3 Emulation to Keep Old Hardware Alive
4 Other Tools for Hacking and Discovering
4.1 The Z88DK Development Kit
4.2 The CC65 Development Kit
4.3 Other Actively Maintained 8-Bit Cross-Compilers
4.4 Developing for All the 8-Bit Systems Through Abstractions
5 Proving the Originality of Some Eastern Europe PCs
5.1 BASCK, the BASIC Check Tool
5.2 How BASCK Identifies Routines
5.3 BASCK Discoveries
6 Conclusions
Appendix: A List of 8-Bit Personal Computers Produced in Eastern Europe
References
Twentieth Anniversary of the Russian Virtual Museum of Computing and Information Technology History
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 First Steps of the RVCM
2.1 RVCM's Structure
2.2 RVCM Section in Russian
2.3 RVCM Sections in English
3 How RVCM Differs from Other Museums
4 Scientific Forums Organized by RVCM's Council
5 Users of the RVCM
6 Perspectives, Limitations, and Difficulties of RVCM
7 Conclusions
References
ICT History Study as Corporate Philanthropy in Latvia
Abstract
1 Scope of the Study
2 Computer Museums (Museums) in Europe and Latvia
3 Various Philanthropy Funding for Museum Operations
4 Preliminary ICT History Study Activities in Latvia
5 ICT History Study as Volunteering (as a Hobby)
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
The Engineering Heritage of Bashir Rameev at the Polytechnic Museum: Honoring the 100th Anniversary of His Birth
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 B. Rameev's Engineering Heritage
2.1 The First Domestic Serial Electronic Computer, "Strela"
2.2 The Small Automatic Universal Electronic Computer "Ural-1"
3 Exhibits and Documentary Collection of B. I. Rameev at the Polytechnic Museum
3.1 "Ural-1"
3.2 Documentary Collection
4 Conclusion
5 Appendix
5.1 Rameev's Inventions
5.2 Main Characteristics of Universal Electronic Computers "Ural"
5.3 Issuance of Universal Electronic Computers "Ural"
5.4 The Rameev Documentary and Visual Materials Collection in the Polytechnic Museum
References
Author Index

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