Physics and Chemistry of Lakes

1 Global Distribution of Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Background Material and Approaches to Global Lake Census.- 3 General Laws of Lake Distribution.- 4, Distribution of Lakes of Tectonic Origin.- 5 Lakes of Glacial Origin.- 6 Fluvial Lakes.- 7 Global Distribution of Crater Lakes.- 8 Global Distribution of Saline Lakes.- 9 Global Lake Distribution.- 10 Major Changes in Global Lake Distribution in the Geological Past.- 11 Discussion and Conclusions.- References.- 2 Hydrological Processes and the Water Budget of Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Hydrological System with Regard to Lakes.- 3 Summary.- References.- 3 Hydrological and Thermal Response of Lakes to Climate: Description and Modeling.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Hydrological Response.- 3 The Hydrological Budget.- 4 Hydrological Models.- 5 Thermal Response.- 6 Use of Models to Link Lakes with Climate Change.- 7 Input Data Sets.- 8 Sample Applications.- 9 Summary.- References.- 4 Mixing Mechanisms in Lakes.- 1 Transport and Mixing.- 2 Lakes as Physical Systems.- 3 Fluid Dynamics: Mathematical Description of Advection and Diffusion.- 4 Density and Stability of Water Column.- 5 Energy Fluxes: Driving Forces Behind Transport and Mixing.- 6 Mixing Processes in Lakes.- 7 Mixing and Its Ecological Relevance.- References.- 5 Stable Isotopes of Fresh and Saline Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Small-Area Lakes.- 3 Interactive and Feedback Systems.- 4 Saline Lakes.- 5 Isotopic Paleolimnology.- 6 Conclusions: From Lakes to Oceans.- References.- 6 Exchange of Chemicals Between the Atmosphere and Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Air-Water Partitioning Equilibria.- 3 Diffusion Between Water and Air.- 4 Volatilization and Absorption: Double-Resistance Approach.- 5 Factors Affecting Mass-Transfer Coefficients.- 6 Partitioning of Chemical to Particulate Matter in Air and Water.- 7 Atmospheric Deposition Processes.- 8 Specimen Calculation.- 9 Role of Air-Water Exchange in Lake Mass Balances.- 10 Case Studies.- 11 Conclusions.- References.- 7 Atmospheric Depositions: Impact of Acids on Lakes.- Abstract.- 1 Introduction: Anthropogenic Generation of Acidity.- 2 Acidity and Alkalinity: Neutralizing Capacities.- 3 Acidification of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems.- 4 Brønsted Acids and Lewis Acids: Pollution by Heavy Metals, as Influenced by Acidity.- 5 Impact of Acidity on Ecology in Watersheds.- 6 Critical Loads.- 7 Case Studies.- 8 Summary.- References.- 8Redox-Driven Cycling of Trace Elements in Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Major Biogeochemical Cycles and Pathways.- 3 Iron and Manganese.- 4 Sediment-Water Interface.- 5 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Directly: Case Studies.- 6 Pathways Involving Redox Reactions Indirectly: Case Studies.- 7 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 9Comparative Geochemistry of Marine Saline Lakes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Characteristics of Marine Saline Lakes.- 3 Comparative Sediment-Pore-Water Reactions.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- 10 Organic Matter Accumulation Records in Lake Sediments.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Indicators of Sources and Alterations of Total Organic Matter in Lake Sediments.- 3 Origin and Alterations of Humic Substances.- 4 Sources and Alterations of Lipid Biomarkers.- 5 Sources and Alterations of Pigments in Lake Sediments.- 6 Sources and Diagenesis of Lignins and Their Derivatives.- 7 Diagenesis of Carbohydrates and Proteins in Lake Sediments.- 8 Paleolimnological Organic Geochemistry.- 9 Organic Geochemical Records of Ancient Lakes.- 10 Summary.- References.- Lake Index.