Carbon Fibers

Name: Carbon Fibers | Production, Applications, Processing
Brand: Hanser Publications
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Production, Applications, Processing

Hauke Lengsfeld Hendrik Mainka Volker Altstädt(Autor*in)

Hanser Publications (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 7. Dezember 2020

219 Seiten

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978-1-56990-829-7 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Intro
The Authors
Dr.-Ing. Hauke Lengsfeld
Dr.-Ing. Hendrik Mainka
Prof.?Dr.-Ing. Volker Altstädt
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Carbon and Its Properties
2.1 Structure of the Carbon Atom and Atomic Model of Carbon
2.1.1 Rutherford's and Bohr's Atomic Models
2.1.2 Atomic Orbitals and Hybridization
2.2 Modifications of Carbon
2.3 Structural Forms of Carbon
2.3.1 Diamond - The Diamond Structure (sp3)
2.3.2 Graphite - The Graphite Structure (sp2)
2.3.3 Triple Bonding (sp1)
2.3.4 Other Forms of Carbon
2.3.4.1 Fullerenes
2.3.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
2.3.4.3 Carbon Black
2.3.4.4 Activated Carbon
2.3.4.5 Carbon Fibers
3 Carbon Fibers
3.1 Precursor Manufacturing
3.1.1 Wet Spinning
3.1.2 Melt Spinning
3.1.3 Precursors
3.1.3.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
3.1.3.2 Mesophase Pitch
3.1.3.3 Further Precursors
3.2 Production of Carbon Fibers
3.2.1 Precursor Stabilization/Stabilization Process
3.2.2 Carbonization and Graphitization
3.3 Surface Treatment and Fiber Sizing
3.3.1 Sizing (Preparation)
3.3.2 Sizing Levels and Sizing Types
3.4 Properties and Types
3.4.1 Properties of Carbon Fibers
3.4.2 Carbon Fiber Types
3.5 Manufacturers and Costs
3.5.1 Manufacturers of Precursors and Carbon Fibers
3.5.2 Manufacturing Costs
3.5.3 Manufacturing Capacities
3.5.4 Suppliers of Process Technologies
4 Characterization of Carbon Fibers
4.1 Test Methods on Dry Yarn
4.1.1 Density Determination
4.1.2 Determination of Linear Density
4.1.3 Determination of the Filament Diameter
4.1.4 Determination of the Preparation Mass Fraction
4.1.5 Determination of Mechanical Parameters on Dry Yarn
4.1.6 Roving Test
4.1.7 Drape Test
4.1.8 Surface Activity and Impregnability
4.2 Test Method on Impregnated Yarn
4.2.1 Determination of Tensile Strength
4.2.2 Fiber-Matrix Interphase
4.2.2.1 Testing by Pull-Out Test
4.2.2.2 Testing by Push-Out Test
4.2.2.3 Fragmentation Test
4.2.2.4 Broutman Test
4.2.2.5 Testing in a Scanning Electron Microscope
4.3 Spectroscopic Test Methods for Carbon Fibers
4.3.1 Chemical Characterization of Carbon Fibers and Their Precursors
4.3.1.1 Elemental Analysis
4.3.1.2 Mass Spectroscopy
4.3.1.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - NMR
4.3.1.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - IR Spectroscopy
4.3.2 Chemical Structure Elucidation of Carbon Fibers
4.3.2.1 Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, XPS
5 Applications of Carbon Fibers
5.1 Introductory Remarks
5.2 Dry Semi-Finished Fiber Products
5.2.1 PREOX Fibers
5.2.2 Carbon Fibers
5.2.2.1 Carbon Fibers, Continuous
5.2.2.2 Carbon Fibers, Cut or Ground
5.3 Pre-Impregnated Semi-Finished Fiber Products
5.3.1 Applications: UD Prepreg (Thermoset)
5.3.2 Applications: Fabric and Scrim Prepreg (Thermoset)
5.3.3 Applications: C-SMC/C-BMC
5.3.4 Applications: Organotapes
5.3.5 Applications: Organosheet
6 Recycling and Sustainability
6.1 Introductory Remarks
6.2 Recycling Cycle and Challenges
6.2.1 Process and Plant Challenges
6.2.2 The Challenge of Fiber Quality
6.3 The Challenge of Waste Treatment
6.4 Recycling Processes for Carbon Fibers and CFRP
6.4.1 Mechanical Shredding
6.4.2 Pyrolysis Process
6.4.3 Fluidized Bed Process
6.4.4 Solvolysis
6.4.5 Chemical Direct Use
6.4.6 Electrodynamic Fragmentation
6.4.7 New Processes
6.4.8 Overview and Comparison of Procedures
6.4.9 Hazards and Health Aspects
6.5 rCF Products and Applications
6.6 Producers
6.7 Challenges and Trends
7 New Developments
7.1 Alternative Precursors
7.1.1 Polyethylene
7.1.2 Cellulose
7.1.3 Lignin
7.1.4 Textile PAN
7.1.5 Lignin/PAN Blends
7.1.6 Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes
7.2 Alternative Processes
7.2.1 Plasma Oxidation
7.2.2 Use of Additives
7.2.3 Natural Gas Burner
7.3 Outlook
Index

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