Ashes of Hama

PART I THE EMERGENCE OF A POLITICIZED ISLAM IN SYRIA (1860-1963) 1. The Emergence of a Politicized Islam in Syria (1860-1944) The "Damascus school": the Salafiyya movement in Syria Politicizing Islam: the rise of the "Islamic populists" 2. Islam and Democracy: The Muslim Brotherhood in Postindependence Syria (1946-1963) The Egyptian roots The Syrian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood Competing for power in Syria's parliamentary democracy Defending Islam with pragmatism "'Islamic socialism': a Muslim drink in a Marxist cup" Losing ground to the Ba'ath Party PART II THE ISLAMIC OPPOSITION TO BA'ATHISM (1963-1982) 3. The Islamic Reaction to the Ba'athist Revolution A clash of ideology A clash of constituencies The ideological failure of Ba'athism Urban uprisings 4. "A Minority Cannot Forever Rule a Majority" Sunnis and Alawites: a history of mistrust The "revenge of a minority"? The "Alawization" of the Syrian regime: myth or reality? Atmosphere of sectarian civil war PART III THE RISE OF JIHADISM IN LATE 1970s SYRIA (1963-1982) 5. The Radicalization of the Islamic Movement (1963-1980) The moderation of the Damascus Ikhwan The split in the "Damascus wing" The radicalization of the Islamic movement Birth of an extremist organization: the Fighting Vanguard 6. Endorsing Jihad Against The Ba'ath (1980-1982) State repression The Muslim Brotherhood's jihad A last stand: the Hama uprising A "Camp David conspiracy" ? PART IV ASHES OF HAMA: THE SYRIAN ISLAMIST MOVEMENT SINCE 1982 7. The Fate of Militant Islam After the Hama Revolt Al Qaeda: the Syrian connection The Syrian mukhabarat and radical Islam: a blowback? Taming political Islam 8. Struggling for Relevance: The Muslim Brotherhood's Exile Divided between the "Hama clan" and the "Aleppo faction" Back to basics: the ideological evolution Engaging with the Syrian opposition 9. Uprisings in Syria: A Revenge on History Fostering Islamic radicalization The Brotherhood's rebirth from ashes Back to Syria: opportunities and challenges Epilogue APPENDIXES Appendix 1: List of the successive Leaders of Syria's Muslim Brotherhood Appendix 2: Abdullah Azzam on the Role of Marwan Hadid During the 1964 Hama Riots Appendix 3: Abdullah Azzam on Marwan Hadid's Death Appendix 4: Abu Mus'ab al-Suri on the Training Tactic of al-Talia al-Muqatila Appendix 5: Abu Mus'ab al-Suri on the Battle of Hama in February 1982 Appendix 6: The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood's Most Important Statement Regarding Their Evolution and Their Vision of Syria's Future