Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology

Name: Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 160.99 EUR
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Jamie R. Lead Emma Smith(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

Erschienen am 16. Juli 2009

456 Seiten

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Inhalt

Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Nanotechnology
Contents
Preface
Biographies
Contributors
1: Overview of Nanoscience in the Environment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Investment and International Efforts
1.5 Development: Four Anticipated Generations
1.6 Applications of Nanotechnology
1.7 Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology
1.7.1 Environmental
1.7.2 Human Health
1.8 Potential Adverse Effects of Nanomaterials
1.8.1 Environmental
1.8.2 Human Health
1.9 Classification
1.9.1 Chemistry
1.9.2 Origin
1.9.3 Size
1.9.4 State
1.10 Sources of Nanomaterials in the Environment
1.11 Properties of Nanomaterials
1.12 Nanomaterial Structure-Toxicity Relationship
1.13 Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Nanomaterials
1.13.1 Fate in Air
1.13.2 Fate in Water
1.13.3 Fate in Soil
1.14 Potential for Human Exposure
1.15 Detection and Characterization of Nanomaterials
1.16 Issues to be Addressed
1.16.1 Nomenclature
1.16.2 Future Development and Risk
1.16.3 Dosimetry
1.16.4 Methods of Detection and Characterization
1.16.5 Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials and their (Eco)Toxicology
1.17 Conclusion
1.18 References
2: Nanomaterials: Properties, Preparation and Applications
2.1 Overview
2.2 Introduction
2.3 Nanoparticle Architecture
2.3.1 Nanoparticle Surface
2.3.2 Charge Stabilisation
2.3.3 Steric Stabilisation
2.4 Particle Properties
2.4.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance
2.4.2 Catalysis
2.4.3 Quantum Confinement
2.4.4 Mechanical Performance
2.4.5 Magnetic Properties
2.4.6 Interfacial Properties
2.4.7 Other Properties
2.5 Nanoparticle Preparation
2.5.1 The Challenges of Nanoparticle Synthesis: Scale Up
2.5.2 Reactivity
2.5.3 Dispersability
2.5.4 Cost
2.5.5 Methods: Natural Sources
2.5.6 Top Down
2.5.7 Bottom Up
2.5.8 Metal Nanoparticles
2.5.9 Carbon
2.5.10 Graphene
2.5.11 Carbon Black
2.5.12 Inorganic Compounds
2.5.13 Polymers
2.6 Applications of Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology
2.6.1 The Past
2.6.2 The Present and Near Future
2.7 Implication for Environmental Issues
2.8 Conclusions
2.9 References
3: Size/Shape-Property Relationships of Non-Carbonaceous Inorganic Nanoparticles and their Environmental Implications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticle Anatomy
3.3 Redox Chemistry of Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Photoredox Chemistry in Semiconductor Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Redox Chemistry in Other Nanoparticle Systems
3.4 Size Effects in Nanoparticle Sorption Processes
3.5 Nanoparticle Fate: Dissolution and Solid State Cation Movement
3.5.1 Basic Energetic and Kinetic Considerations of Nanoparticle Dissolution
3.5.2 Effects of Nanoparticle Morphology
3.5.3 Effects of Nanoparticle Coatings and External Substances
3.5.4 Case Study: The Dissolution of Lead Sulfide Nanoparticles
3.5.5 Solid State Cation Movement in Nanoparticles
3.6 Effect of Nanoparticle Aggregation on Physical and Chemical Properties
3.7 Environmental Implications: General Discussion, Recommendations and Outlook
3.8 References
4: Natural Colloids and Nanoparticles in Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition
4.3 Major Types of Environmental Colloids
4.3.1 Inorganic Colloids
4.3.2 Organic Macromolecules
4.4 Intrinsic Properties of Environmental Colloidal Particles
4.4.1 Size
4.4.2 Surface Charge
4.4.3 Surface Coating by Natural Organic Matter
4.4.4 Fractal Dimension
4.5 Interaction Forces Between Colloidal Particles
4.5.1 DLVO Theory
4.5.2 Stability Criteria
4.5.3 Aggregation Kinetics
4.5.4 Non-DLVO Interactions
4.6 Fate and Behaviour of Colloids in Aquatic Systems
4.6.1 Aggregation
4.6.2 Disaggregation: Effect of Natural Organic Matter
4.6.3 Sedimentation Behaviour
4.7 Fate and Behaviour of Colloids and Nanoparticles in Porous Media
4.7.1 Saturated Porous Media
4.7.2 Unsaturated Porous Media
4.8 Conclusion
4.9 References
5: Atmospheric Nanoparticles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
5.2.1 Sources of Primary Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Secondary Sources
5.3 Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
5.4 Fate and Behaviour of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
5.5 Atmospheric Concentrations
5.5.1 Spatial Variations
5.5.2 Temporal Variations
5.6 Measurement Methods for Atmospheric Nanoparticles
5.6.1 Particle Number Concentration
5.6.2 Surface Area
5.6.3 Mass Concentration
5.6.4 Chemical Composition
5.7 Conclusions
5.8 References
6: Analysis and Characterization of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environments
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment
6.1.2 Concepts and Definitions Relating to Analysis and Characterization
6.2 Nanoparticle Analysis and Characterization Methods
6.2.1 Important Nanoparticle Characteristics
6.2.2 Sampling, NP Extraction, Sample Preparations
6.2.3 Light Scattering Methods
6.2.4 Other Electromagnetic Scattering Methods
6.2.5 Fractionation and Separation Methods
6.2.6 Microscopic Methods
6.2.7 Spectroscopic Methods
6.2.8 Surface Area Measurements with Nitrogen Gas Adsorption
6.2.9 Method Validation
6.3 Analytical Test Strategy in NP Exposure Assessment
6.3.1 Initial Material Characterization
6.3.2 Fate and Behaviour Assessment
6.3.3 Exposure Characterization in Effect Assessment Experiments
6.3.4 Monitoring Nanopollution
6.4 Conclusions
6.5 Acknowledgements
6.6 References
7: Ecotoxicology of Manufactured Nanoparticles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Physico-Chemical Transformation of Nanoparticles
7.2.1 Particle Dispersion and Aggregation
7.2.2 Nanoparticle Dissolution
7.2.3 Oxidation
7.2.4 Adsorption Reactions
7.3 Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity in the Environment
7.3.1 Exposure Routes
7.3.2 Nanoparticle Interactions with Cells: Cellular Uptake
7.3.3 Toxicity Mechanisms
7.3.4 Bioaccumulation
7.4 Development of Valid/Realistic Toxicity Testing Protocols
7.5 Review of Ecotoxicity Studies
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
7.5.3 Metal Oxides
7.5.4 Silver
7.5.5 Copper
7.5.6 Quantum Dots
7.5.7 Iron
7.6 General Conclusions and Future Directions
7.7 References
8: Exposure to Nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Physical Characteristics and Properties of Nanoparticles
8.2.1 Terminology and Definitions
8.2.2 Nanoparticle Types
8.2.3 Nanoparticle Production Processes
8.2.4 Nanoparticle Behaviour
8.3 Nanoparticle Exposure
8.3.1 Exposure Scenarios
8.3.2 Exposure Metrics
8.3.3 Methods of Measuring and Characterising Exposure to Nanoparticles
8.3.4 Studies Investigating Nanoparticle Exposure
8.3.5 Numbers of People Potentially Exposed
8.4 Control of Exposure
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Inhalation Exposure
8.4.3 Dermal Exposure
8.4.4 Ingestion Exposure
8.5 Discussion
8.6 References
9: Human Toxicology and Effects of Nanoparticles
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Toxicology - What Is It?
9.1.2 Particle Toxicology
9.1.3 Risk Assessment
9.2 Ultrafine Particle Toxicology
9.2.1 Air Pollution
9.2.2 Testing the Ultrafine Particle Hypothesis
9.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
9.2.4 Uptake of Nanoparticles into Cells
9.2.5 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Defence Mechanisms
9.2.6 Nanoparticle Interactions with Other Pollutants and Molecules
9.3 Engineered Nanoparticles
9.3.1 Fullerenes
9.3.2 Nanotubes and Other Fibre-Like Nanostructures
9.3.3 Metals
9.3.4 Metal Oxides
9.3.5 Quantum Dots
9.4 Relating Physico-Chemical Properties to Toxicity: Structure-Activity Relationships
9.5 Suggestions for Future Study Designs
9.6 Conclusions
9.7 Abbreviations
9.8 References
10: Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Risk Assessment Process
10.3 Nanomaterials - Issues for Risk Assessment
10.4 Assembling Evidence for Safety and Intervention
10.5 International Case Studies
10.6 Data Gaps in Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
10.7 Summary
10.8 References
Index
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