1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Animals.- 2.2 Electron Microscopy.- 2.3 Immunocytochemical Experiments.- 2.4 In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry.- 2.5. Peripheral Nerve Axotomy.- 2.6 Data and Image Analysis.- 3 Results.- 3.1 Normal Morphology of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus.- 3.2 Neurochemistry of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus.- 4 Discussion.- 4.1 Structural and Synaptic Organization of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus.- 4.2 Connections of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus.- 4.3 Neurochemistry of the Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus.- 4.4 Neurochemical Plasticity of Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus Neurons.- 4.5 Functional Considerations.- 4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions.- 5 Summary.- References.