MicroRNAs in Medicine

Name: MicroRNAs in Medicine
Brand: Wiley-Blackwell
Price: 177.99 EUR
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Charles H. Lawrie(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)

Erschienen am 30. Oktober 2013

720 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
1: MicroRNAs: A Brief Introduction
I. A Short History of Small RNAs
II. Biogenesis of miRNAs
A. miRNA Nomenclature: What's in a Name?
III. miRNA Function: Controlling mRNA Stability, Degradation, and/or Translation
IV. Regulating the Regulators: miRNA Control and Dysfunction in Disease
A. Genetic Dysregulation of miRNA Expression
B. Epigenetic Regulation
C. Transcription Factors and miRNA Regulatory Networks
D. Regulating miRNA Synthesis and Processing
E. Control of miRNA Function
V. Present and Future Perspectives for miRNAs in Medicine
A. Deciphering the miRNA Targetome: Understanding the Functional Consequences of miRNA Dysregulation in Disease
B. Tip of the Non-Coding RNA Iceberg
C. Are miRNAs Clinically Useful Molecules?
References
PART I: MicroRNAs as Physiological Regulators
2: MicroRNA Regulation of Stem Cell Fate and Reprogramming
I. Introduction
A. About Stem Cells
II. MicroRNAs in Pluripotency and Establishment of Different Lineages
A. MicroRNAs in Embryonic Stem Cells (ESc)
B. Maintenance of the Pluripotent State through Controlling the Cell Cycle
C. MicroRNAs in Pluripotency versus Differentiation Fate Choice
III. MicroRNAs, Induced Pluripotency, and Transdifferentiation
A. Induced Pluripotency and MicroRNAs
B. Underlying Mechanisms in microRNA iPSc Generation
C. Transdifferentiation and miRNAs
IV. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3: MicroRNAs as Regulators of Immunity
I. Introduction
II. Innate Immunity and miRNAs
A. Granulocytes
B. Monocytes and Macrophages
C. Dendritic Cells
D. NK and NKT Cells
E. Mast Cells
III. Adaptive Immunity and miRNAs
A. B Lymphocytes
B. T Lymphocytes
IV. Conclusions and Future Directions
References
4: Regulation of Senescence by microRNAs
I. Introduction: Senescence
A. Senescence of Cultured Cells
B. Senescence In Vivo
C. Detection of Senescent Cells
II. Posttranscriptional Regulation of Senescence by miRNAs
A. miRNA Regulation of the p53/p21/Arf Pathway
B. miRNA Regulation of the p16/Rb Pathway
C. miRNA Regulation of SASP
D. miRNAs Modulating Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulators of Senescence
E. Senescence Regulation of miRNA Biogenesis
III. Impact of SA-miRNAs on In Vivo Senescence
IV. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5: The Emergence of GeroMIRs: A Group of MicroRNAs Implicated in Aging
I. Introduction
II. MiRNAs and Aging: Lessons from Invertebrates
III. Changes in miRNA Expression during Mammalian Aging
IV. MiRNA Modulation of Mammalian DNA Damage
V. Micromanaging of Other Aging-Associated Pathways in Mammals
VI. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
6: MicroRNAs and Hematopoiesis
I. Introduction
A. MicroRNAs and Hematopoiesis
B. Hematopoietic Lineages
II. Lymphocyte Development
III. Monocyte and Granulocyte Development
IV. Erythrocyte and Megakaryocyte Development
V. Conclusions
References
7: MicroRNAs in Platelet Production and Activation
I. Introduction
II. miRNA Biogenesis and Function
III. miRNAs and Megakaryocytopoiesis
A. miR-155
B. miR-150
C. miR-146a
D. miR-34a
E. Other miRNAs
IV. Platelet miRNAs
V. Platelet miRNAs as Biomarkers
VI. Platelet Microparticles and miRNAs
VII. Summary and Future Directions
References
PART II: MicroRNAs in Infectious Disease: Host-Pathogen Interactions
8: MicroRNAs as Key Players in Host-Virus Interactions
I. Introduction
II. Host miRNAs and Virus Infection
III. Viral miRNAs
A. MicroRNAs Encoded by DNA Viruses
B. MicroRNAs Encoded by RNA Viruses
C. Expression of Viral miRNAs
IV. Biological Roles of Viral miRNAs
A. Functional Convergence of Viral miRNAs
B. Toward Complete Viral miRNA Targetomes
C. Role of Viral miRNAs In Vivo
V. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
9: MicroRNA Expression in Avian Herpesviruses
I. Introduction
II. Avian Herpesviruses and Associated Diseases
III. Identification of miRNAs Encoded by Avian HerpesvirusES
A. MDV-1 miRNAs
B. MDV-2 miRNAs
C. HVT miRNAs
D. ILTV-miRNAs
E. DEV miRNAs
IV. Viral Orthologues of Host miRNAs
V. Target Identification of Avian Herpesvirus miRNAs
A. Viral Targets of Viral miRNAs
B. Cellular Targets of Viral miRNAs
VI. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
10: Function of Human Cytomegalovirus MicroRNAs and Potential Roles in Latency
I. Introduction to Human Cytomegalovirus
II. Identification of Human Cytomegalovirus miRNAs
III. Human Cytomegalovirus miRNAs: Creating an Environment Conducive to Latency
A. HCMV miRNAs and Repression of IE Gene Expression
B. HCMV miRNAs and Host Immune Evasion
C. Cellular miRNAs and HCMV
D. The Future of HCMV miRNA Target Identification
IV. Conclusions
References
11: Involvement of Small Non-Coding RNA in HIV-1 Infection
I. Introduction
II. miRNAs, siRNAs, and tdsmRNAs
III. Regulation of miRNAs by HIV Infection
A. Perturbation of the miRNA Biogenesis Pathway by HIV-1 Infection
B. Perturbation of miRNA Expression Profiles by HIV-1 Infection
IV. Regulation of HIV-1 Infection by Host miRNAs
V. sncRNAs in Virally Infected Cells
A. HIV-1 Naturally Encoded sncRNAs
B. HIV-1 Artificially Encoded sncRNAs
VI. tRNA-Derived sncRNAs and HIV-1
VII. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgment
References
12: MicroRNA in Malaria
I. Introduction: Malaria as a Disease
II. The Pathogenesis of Severe Malaria
A. Sequestration and Cytoadherence
B. Reduction of Microvascular Flow
C. Endothelial Activation and Dysfunction
D. Cytokines and Host Immune Response
III. miRNAs and Malaria
A. miRNA in Malaria Parasites
B. miRNA in Mosquito Stages
C. miRNA in the Host Response to Malaria Infection
IV. Potential Roles for miRNAs in Regulating Host Response to Pathophysiological Mechanisms
A. Hypoxia
B. Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death
C. Endothelial Activation
D. Central Nervous System (CNS) Injury in CM
V. Conclusions and Future Research Directions
References
PART III: Cancer
13: The MicroRNA Decalogue of Cancer Involvement
I. Introduction
II. The Decalogue of Principles of miRNA Involvement in Human Cancers
III. Conclusion
References
14: MicroRNAs as Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
I. Introduction
II. miRNA Targets
III. Role of miRNAs in Cancer
A. miRNAs That Function as Oncogenes
B. miRNAs That Function as Tumor Suppressors
IV. miRNAs and Their Future Use in the Clinic: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy
References
15: Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Roles in Cancer
I. Introduction
II. General Features of lncRNAs
III. Classifications of lncRNAs
IV. Functions and Mechanisms of lncRNAs
A. lncRNAs and Transcriptional Regulation
B. Epigenetic Regulation and lncRNAs
C. lncRNAs in Posttranscriptional Regulation
V. lncRNAs and Cancer
A. lncRNAs with Abnormal Expression in Cancer: Tumor Suppressor and Oncogenic lncRNAs
B. Genetic Alterations in lncRNAs Associated with Cancer
VI. Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
16: Regulation of Hypoxia Responses by MicroRNA Expression
I. Hypoxia in Solid Tumors
II. Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) and Transcriptional Regulation upon Hypoxia Response
III. MicroRNA (miRNA) Regulation under Hypoxia
IV. miR-210 as Key Player in Hypoxia
A. Discovery and Validation of miR-210 Targets
B. miR-210 and Mitochondrial Functions
C. miR-210 and Angiogenesis
D. miR-210 and DNA Repair
E. miR-210 and the Cell Cycle
F. miR-210, Apoptosis, and Cell Differentiation
G. miR-210 and Immunosuppression
H. miR-210 as a Biomarker
V. miRNA-Mediated Regulation of HIF
A. miRNAs Regulated by HIF
B. miRNAs Regulated by Hypoxia in a HIF-Independent Manner
C. miRNAs Not Regulated by Hypoxia
D. Interaction between Different Levels of miRNA Regulation under Hypoxia
VI. Conclusions
References
17: Control of Receptor Function by MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer
I. Breast Cancer: Introduction
II. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Breast Cancer: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarkers
A. Aberrant Expression of miRNAs in Breast Cancer
B. Use of miRNA Signatures to Predict Tumor Subtype
III. ER and miRNAs
A. The ER Family
B. miRNA Regulation of ERs
C. Estrogenic Regulation of miRNA Expression
D. miRNAs and Endocrine Resistance in Breast Cancer
IV. ErbB Receptor Signaling and miRNAs
A. ErbB Signaling and Breast Cancer
B. Regulation of EGFR Signaling by miRNAs
C. Regulation of ErbB2 and ErbB3 Signaling by miRNAs
D. The Influence of miRNA on HER2-Targeting Therapies
V. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18: MicroRNAs in Human Prostate Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications
I. Introduction
II. PCa Pathogenesis and miRNAs
III. miRNA Profiling in PCa
A. miRNAs as Oncomirs
B. miRNAs as Tumor Suppressors
IV. miRNAs and Their Targets in PCa
V. miRNAs as Potential Markers for Diagnosis and Progression of PCa
VI. miRNAs Modulating Tumor Progression and Metastasis in PCa
VII. miRNAs that Play a Role in the Epigenetic Machinery of PCa Pathogenesis
VIII. miRNAs as Implicated in PCa Therapy and Their Future Potential
IX. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
19: MicroRNA Signatures as Biomarkers of Colorectal Cancer
I. Introduction
II. Circulating miRNAs in Plasma/Serum of CRC Patients
A. Future Directions for Circulating miRNA Analysis
III. miRNAs in CRC Tumor Tissue
A. Future Directions for miRNA Analysis in CRC Tumor Tissue
IV. Conclusion
References
20: Genetic Variations in MicroRNA-Encoding Sequences and MicroRNA Target Sites Alter Lung Cancer Susceptibility and Survival
I. Introduction
II. Genetic Variations in miR-Encoding Sequences and Lung Cancer
A. SNPs in Pre-miRNA Sequence
B. SNPs in Pre-miRNA Flanking Regions
III. Genetic Polymorphisms in miRNA Target Sites and Lung Cancer
A. A SNP in KRAS 3´-UTR Alters miRNA let-7 Binding
B. Genetic Variation in an miR-1827-Binding Site of MYCL1
C. REV3L 3´-UTR 460 T & C SNP Influences Gene Regulation by miR-25 and miR-32
D. A Functional Polymorphism at the miR-629-Binding Site of NBS1
IV. Conclusions
References
21: MicroRNA in Myelopoiesis and Myeloid Disorders
I. Introduction
II. Significance of Myeloid Biology in the Earliest Mammalian miRNA Discoveries
III. Critical Requirements of miRNA Signaling to Instruct Proper Myeloid Cell Fate
A. miRNA Expression Patterns in Normal Human Stem/Progenitor and Differentiated Cells of the Myeloid Lineage
B. miRNA and Transcription Factor Coregulation Is Required to Control Normal Myelopoiesis and Are Commonly Deregulated in Myeloid Diseases
IV. Diagnostic, Prognostic, Predictive, and Therapeutic Applications of miRNA in Myeloid Disorders and AML
A. miRNA Expression Has Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Significance in Myeloid Disorders and Malignancies
B. The Future of miRNA in Myeloid Disorders and Leukemias: RNA Therapeutics Move toward the Clinic
Acknowledgments
References
22: MicroRNA Deregulation by Aberrant DNA Methylation in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
I. Introduction
A. DNA Methylation in Human Cancer
B. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
II. miRNA Deregulation by DNA Methylation in ALL
A. Aberrant DNA Methylation of miRNAs as a Prognostic Factor for ALL
B. Functional Involvement of Aberrantly Methylated miRNAs in ALL
C. Chromosomal Translocations and Aberrantly Methylated miRNAs in ALL
III. Conclusion
References
23: Role of miRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
I. Introduction
A. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes
B. Association with MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
C. miRNA Signatures in CLLs
D. Functional Role of miRNAs in CLL
II. miR-15a/16-1
A. miR-15a/16-1 at 13q14: First Example of Tumor Suppressor miRNA
B. miR-15a/16-1 and DLEU7
C. BCL2-TRAF2 Transgenic Mice: Cooperation of miR-15a/16-1 and DLEU7
III. miR-29
A. Expression of miR-29 in B Cells and in CLL
B. Role of miR-29 and miR-181 in Aggressive CLLs: Up-Regulation of TCL1
C. TCL1 Transgenic Mice
D. Role of miR-29 in Indolent CLL: miR-29 Transgenic Mice Model
IV. miR-34b/c
A. Molecular Association between Chromosomal Abnormalities and Severity of CLLs
B. miR-15a/16-1, miR-34b/c, TP53, and ZAP-70 Circuit: Molecular Interactions in Patients with 17p-13q-11q Deletions in CLL
V. miRNAs, Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), and DNA Methylation
VI. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
24: MicroRNA in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets
I. Introduction
II. The Process of B-Cell Differentiation
A. The Role of miRNA in B-Cell Differentiation
III. B-Cell Lymphomas and miRNAs
A. Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL)
B. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
C. Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
D. Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
E. Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL)
F. Marginal Zone Lymphoma: MALT Type
G. Nodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma (NMZL)
H. Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma (SMZL)
IV. miRNA-Targeted Therapy in B-Cell Lymphomas
V. Summary
References
25: MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
I. Introduction
II. Mature B-Cell Differentiation Stage-Specific MicroRNA Expression Patterns
III. MicroRNA Expression in DLBCL
IV. Potential Roles of MicroRNAs in Lymphomagenesis
A. miR-155 Involvement in Lymphoid Malignancies
B. miR-17-92 Cluster Involvement in Lymphoid Malignancies
V. MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in DLBCL
VI. Conclusions
References
26: The Role of MicroRNAs in Hodgkin's Lymphoma
I. Introduction
II. miRNAs in Hodgkin's Lymphoma
III. miRNA Profiling Studies in Hodgkin's Lymphoma
A. HL Cell Lines
B. Microdissected HRS Cells
C. Total Tissue Samples
IV. Functional miRNA Studies in HL
V. Clinical Value of miRNAs in HL
VI. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
27: MicroRNA Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
I. Introduction
II. The Pathology of Cutaneous Lymphoma
A. Mycosis Fungoides
B. Sézary Syndrome
C. Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma
III. Aberrant Expression of Components of the MicroRNA Biogenesis Machinery in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
A. The Microprocessor Complex
B. Modulators of miRNA Processing
C. DICER and the RISC Complex
IV. miRNA Expression Profiling in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
V. Functional Consequences of (Aberrant) miRNA Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
VI. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
PART IV: Hereditary and Other Non-Infectious Diseases
28: MicroRNAs and Hereditary Disorders
I. Introduction
II. MicroRNAs and Hereditary Disorders
A. Mutations Affecting the 3´-UTR of mRNAs
B. Mutations in Genes Involved in miRNA Processing and Function
C. Genomic Rearrangements Affecting the miRNA Sequence
D. Point Mutations in the miRNA Mature Sequence Resulting in Monogenic-Based Disorders: miR-96 and miR-184
III. Conclusion
References
29: MicroRNAs and Cardiovascular Diseases
I. Introduction
II. Cardiac Hypertrophy
III. Myocardial Ischemia and Cell Death
IV. Cardiac Fibrosis
V. Arrhythmia
VI. Angiogenesis and Vascular Diseases
VII. Heart Failure
VIII. Lipid Metabolism
IX. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
30: MicroRNAs and Diabetes
I. Introduction
II. Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Changes in Gene Expression in Many Organs
III. Role of miRNAs in the Regulation of ß-Cell Functions
IV. Role of miRNAs in Insulin Target Tissues
V. Contribution of miRNAs to Diabetes Complications
VI. Circulating miRNAs as Diabetes Biomarkers
VII. Conclusion
References
31: MicroRNAs in Liver Diseases
I. Introduction
II. Viral Hepatitis
III. Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)
IV. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
V. Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
VI. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
VII. Biliary Diseases
VIII. Fibrosis
IX. miRNA-Based Therapeutic Approaches to Liver Disease
X. Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
32: MicroRNA Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis
I. Introduction
A. miRNAs in MS
II. miRNA Profiles in MS Patients
III. Involvement of miRNAs in the Pathophysiology of MS
A. Myelination
B. Immune System
C. Degenerative Component
D. miRNAs in EAE
IV. Concluding Remarks and Open Questions
Acknowledgments
References
33: The Role of MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease
I. Introduction
II. miRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
A. One in Eight
B. A Quest for More Effective Treatment
C. miRNA Regulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
III. Neuronal miRNAs
A. miRNAs and Memory
B. Functions of miRNAs at the Synapse
C. miRNAs as Controllers of Neuritic Structure, Synapse Formation, and Maintenance
D. miRNAs and Behavior
IV. miRNAs in Inflammatory Processes and Their Link to the Nervous System
A. Overreactive Immune System
B. miRNAs at the Neuronal-Immune Interface
V. miRNAs and AD Therapy
A. Can miRNAs Serve as Diagnostic Biomarkers?
B. Different Approaches for Therapeutic Use of miRNA Manipulations
C. Potential Limitations of miRNA Manipulation Efforts
VI. Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
34: Current Views on the Role of MicroRNAs in Psychosis
I. Introduction
II. Phenotypic Expression of Schizophrenia: The Role of Neurotransmitters
A. Dopamine
B. Glutamate
C. Serotonin
D. Treatment Limitations
III. Etiology of Psychosis
IV. MicroRNA and Schizophrenia
V. Bipolar Affective Disorder
VI. miRNAs as Drug Targets for Treatment of Psychosis
VII. Future MicroRNA-Based Therapies
VIII. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
PART V: Circulating MicroRNAs as Cellular Messengers and Novel Biomarkers
35: Circulating MicroRNAs as Non-Invasive Biomarkers
I. Introduction
II. Characteristics of MicroRNAs
III. Biological Role of Circulating MicroRNAs
IV. Quantification of Circulating MicroRNAs
V. MicroRNAs in Cancer
VI. Circulating MicroRNAs in Cancer
A. Circulating MicroRNAs in Breast and Ovarian Cancers
B. Circulating MicroRNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers
C. Circulating MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer
D. Circulating MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer
E. Circulating MicroRNAs in Other Cancer Types
VII. Circulating MicroRNAs in Pregnancy and Benign Diseases
A. Circulating MicroRNAs in Pregnancy
B. Circulating MicroRNAs in Bowel Diseases and Diabetes
C. Circulating MicroRNAs in Liver and Kidney Diseases
D. Circulating MicroRNAs in Heart Disease
VIII. Conclusion
References
36: Circulating MicroRNAs as Cellular Messengers
I. Introduction
II. Extracellular miRNA
III. Intercellular Communication
IV. Cellular Export of Extracellular miRNA
V. Lipid-Based miRNA Carriers
VI. Protein miRNA Carriers
VII. Delivery of Circulating miRNA to Recipient Cells
VIII. Functional Roles of Extracellular miRNA
IX. Summary
References
37: Release of MicroRNA-Containing Vesicles Can Stimulate Angiogenesis and Metastasis in Renal Carcinoma
I. Introduction
II. Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Communication
III. Interplay between Tumor and Their Surrounding Cells
IV. Renal Carcinomas
A. miRNAs and Renal Cell Carcinomas
B. Circulating miRNAs and RCC
V. Tumor Angiogenesis and miRNAs
VI. Tumor Metastasis and miRNAs
VII. Cancer Stem Cells
A. Renal CSCs and EVs
VIII. Conclusions
References
PART VI: Therapeutic Uses of MicroRNAs: Current Perspectives and Future Directions
38: MicroRNA Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells and MicroRNAs as Potential Cancer Stem Cell Therapeutics
I. Introduction
II. miRNA Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells
A. Breast CSCs
B. Glioma and Brain CSCs
C. Prostate CSCs (PCSCs)
D. Other CSCs
III. miRNAs in Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy
IV. Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
39: Therapeutic Modulation of MicroRNAs
I. Introduction: Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of MicroRNAs
II. General Approaches for Therapeutic MicroRNA-Based Intervention
A. Viral Delivery
B. Non-Viral Strategies
C. miRNA Inhibition
III. Therapeutic MicroRNA Replacement
A. Delivery of let-7 and miR-34a
B. Non-Viral Delivery of miR-143, miR-145, and miR-33a
C. Viral Delivery of miRNAs
D. Other Examples of Viral and Non-Viral Delivery
IV. Therapeutic Studies in MicroRNA Inhibition
V. Perspectives, Issues, and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
40: Locked Nucleic Acids as MicroRNA Therapeutics
I. Introduction
II. Design of LNA-Based Inhibitors of miRNAs
III. Activity in Experimental Animals
IV. LNA-antimiRs/tiny LNAs in Pre-Clinical Development
V. LNA-antimiR in Clinical Development
VI. Discussion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
References
Index

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