Nanonetworks

Name: Nanonetworks | The Future of Communication and Computation
Brand: Wiley-IEEE Press
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The Future of Communication and Computation

Florian-Lennert A. Lau(Autor*in)

Wiley-IEEE Press

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Erschienen am 1. August 2024

384 Seiten

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978-1-394-21311-5 (ISBN)

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Science Fiction
1.3 Nanotechnology Intuition
1.4 Example Applications
1.5 Unique Problems and Challenges
1.6 Summary
1.7 Chapter Overview
Chapter 2 History
2.1 Philosophy
2.1.1 Ancient India
2.1.2 Greece
2.1.3 Modern Era
2.1.4 Since 2008
2.2 Manufacturing Accuracy
2.2.1 Antiquity
2.2.2 Middle Ages
2.2.3 Modernity
2.2.3.1 Manufacturing Methods
2.2.3.2 Microscopes and Imaging
2.2.4 From 2D to 3D
2.2.5 Placement Accuracy
2.3 State of the Art
2.3.1 Artificial Materials
2.3.2 Programmable Matter
2.3.3 Biology
2.3.4 Hybrid
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Current and Future Applications
3.1 Nanotechnology in Materials and Industry
3.2 Medicine
3.2.1 Convenient Permanent Health Monitoring
3.2.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
3.2.3 Immediate (Local) Treatment
3.2.4 Smart Medicine
3.2.5 PCR Alternative
3.2.6 Personalized Medicine
3.2.7 Vaccines
3.2.8 Immune Enhancement
3.3 Military
3.4 Agriculture and Geology
3.5 Future Developments
3.6 Summary
Chapter 4 Construction
4.1 Construction Paradigms
4.2 Materials
4.2.1 Inorganic Carbon
4.2.2 Molecules
4.2.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanoclusters and Fullerenes
4.2.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
4.3 Nanoparticles
4.3.1 DNA
4.3.2 Metamaterials and Metasurfaces
4.4 Defining Complex Nanostructures
4.4.1 Component-based Approach
4.4.2 Components
4.4.2.1 Actuators A
4.4.2.2 Communication C
4.4.2.3 Information Processing I+
4.4.2.4 Locomotion L
4.4.2.5 Memory M
4.4.2.6 Energy Supply E
4.4.2.7 Sensors O
4.4.2.8 Timer T
4.4.3 Nanonetworks as Markov Decision Processes
4.4.3.1 Markov Decision Processes
4.4.3.2 Partially Observable MDPs
4.4.3.3 DecPOMDP
4.4.3.4 DecPOMDP with Communication
4.4.3.5 Mapping DecPOMDPcom to Components
4.5 Nature Adaptation
4.6 Miniaturization
4.7 Self-assembly
4.7.1 DNA Origami
4.7.2 DNA Templating
4.7.3 Polymerase Chain Reaction
4.7.4 Tile-based Self-assembly
4.7.5 From Wang to Holliday
4.7.5.1 Abstract Tile-assembly Model
4.7.5.2 Kinetic Tile-assembly Model
4.7.5.3 Two-handed Tile-assembly Model
4.7.5.4 Two-handed Kinetic Tile-assembly Model
4.8 DNA Errors
4.9 Error Correction Mechanisms
4.9.1 k×k Proofreading
4.9.2 Snaked Proofreading
4.9.3 3D Snaked Proofreading
4.10 State of the Art of Miniature Structures and Devices
4.10.1 DNA Squares and DNA Boxes
4.10.1.1 Naive 2D Algorithm
4.10.1.2 Naive 3D Algorithm
4.10.1.3 3D Linear Runtime Algorithm
4.10.1.4 Constant Runtime Algorithm
4.10.1.5 Pragmatic Logarithmic Runtime Algorithm
4.10.2 DNA Origami Boxes
4.10.3 Microbots
4.11 Simulation
4.11.1 ISU TAS
4.11.2 Xgrow
4.11.3 NetTAS
4.11.4 caDNAno?-?DNA Origami Simulation
4.12 Summary
Chapter 5 Computation
5.1 State at the Nanoscale
5.2 Computation
5.3 Complexity Theory
5.3.1 Complexity at the Nanoscale
5.3.2 Reductions
5.4 Computational Analysis of Nanoscale Applications
5.4.1 Extraction of Mathematical Problems
5.4.1.1 Arithmetic and Logical Operators
5.4.1.2 Communication
5.4.1.3 Complex Operations
5.4.1.4 Pattern Matching and Parity
5.4.1.5 Security
5.4.2 Classification in Complexity Classes
5.4.2.1 Uncategorizable Problems
5.4.3 Landau Notation
5.5 Computational Models for the Nanoscale
5.5.1 Nature-Inspired vs. Artificial Models
5.5.2 The Turing Machine
5.5.3 Circuit-Based Computers
5.5.4 Artificial Neural Networks
5.5.5 Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata
5.5.6 Chemical Reaction Networks
5.5.7 Genetic Circuits
5.5.8 Quantum Computing
5.6 Self-assembly Systems
5.6.1 Truth Values in Self-assembly Systems
5.6.2 Message Molecules
5.6.3 Ligands
5.6.4 Message Molecule Receptors
5.6.5 Medical Example Scenario
5.6.6 Modularizing the Scenario
5.6.7 Errors in Message Molecules
5.6.8 Logical Combination of Message Molecules
5.6.9 Modeling Message Molecules
5.6.9.1 Solving The Decision Problem
5.6.9.2 k-Bit Or
5.6.9.3 k-Bit Thres
5.6.9.4 k-Bit Add
5.6.9.5 k-Bit Mult
5.6.9.6 k-Bit Xor
5.6.9.7 k-Bit-Count
5.7 Finding Programs for Nanodevices
5.7.1 Solving DecPOMDPcoms
5.7.1.1 Lifting
5.7.2 Value Iteration
5.7.3 Genetic/Evolutionary Algorithms
5.8 Summary
Chapter 6 Simple Communication
6.1 A Brief History of Communication
6.2 Definitions
6.2.1 Gateways
6.2.2 Communication Parameter Overview
6.3 Electromagnetic Communication
6.3.1 History and Driving Forces
6.3.2 5G and 6G
6.3.3 Channel Models
6.3.4 Information Representation
6.4 Molecular Communication
6.4.1 Classical Molecular Communication
6.4.2 DNA
6.4.3 Channel Models
6.5 Acoustic Communication
6.5.1 Nanoscale Acoustic Communication
6.5.2 Medical Constraints
6.6 Quantum Communication
6.7 FRET
6.8 Nanophotonics
6.9 Comparison
6.10 Multi-hop Communication
6.10.1 Addressing
6.10.2 Routing Protocols
6.10.3 Hop-count Routing
6.11 Communication and Network Simulators
6.12 Summary
Chapter 7 Movement and Localization
7.1 Definition
7.2 Passive Movement
7.2.1 Brownian Motion
7.2.2 Diffusion
7.2.3 Blood Stream and Bulk Flow
7.3 Active Movement
7.3.1 Chemotaxis
7.3.2 Other Motor Proteins
7.3.3 Artificial Movement
7.3.4 Comparison of Locomotion Types
7.4 Localization
7.4.1 Multi-gateway Hop-Count Localization
7.4.2 Age of Information
7.4.3 Tissue Fingerprinting
7.5 Simulation
7.5.1 BloodVoyagerS
7.5.2 MEHLISSA
7.5.2.1 Body Module
7.5.2.2 Organ Module
7.5.2.3 Capillary Module
7.5.2.4 Cell Module
7.6 Organs-on-Chips
7.7 Summary
Chapter 8 Sensors and Actuators
8.1 Application Scenarios
8.2 Measuring Systems
8.3 Sensors
8.3.1 CNT-based Sensors
8.3.2 Magnetic Sensors
8.3.3 Molecule Counters and Biosensors
8.4 Actuators
8.4.1 Motors
8.4.2 Antennas
8.4.3 Medication
8.4.4 Dispenser
8.4.5 Switches
8.4.6 Mechanical Actuators
8.5 Summary
Chapter 9 Energy
9.1 Energy Sources
9.2 Storing Energy
9.2.1 Batteries Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowires
9.2.2 (Super-)Capacitors
9.3 Energy Harvesting and Generators
9.3.1 The Generator
9.3.2 Harvesting Mechanical Energy and the Piezoelectrical Effect
9.3.3 Ultrasonic Energy
9.3.4 Radiofrequency Harvesting
9.3.5 Ambient Heat
9.3.6 Adenosine Triphosphate
9.3.7 Fuel Cells
9.4 Saving Energy
9.4.1 Communication
9.4.2 Electromagnetic vs. Molecular vs. Acoustic
9.4.3 Preprocessing, Encoding, and Aggregation
9.4.4 Saving via Protocols
9.4.4.1 Destructive Retrieval
9.4.4.2 Stateless Linear Path Saving
9.4.4.3 Obstacles
9.4.4.4 Ring Saving
9.5 Summary
Chapter 10 Time and Randomness
10.1 Time
10.2 Synchronization
10.2.1 Cristian's Algorithm
10.2.2 Berkeley
10.2.3 NTP
10.2.4 Fireflies
10.2.5 Clocking
10.2.5.1 QCA Synchronization
10.2.5.2 Self-assembly Synchronization
10.3 Logical Time
10.4 Consistency
10.4.1 Types of Consistencies
10.4.2 CAP Theorem
10.5 Randomness
10.5.1 Pseudorandom
10.5.2 True Random
10.6 Summary
Chapter 11 Safety and Security
11.1 Nanonetwork Safety Analysis
11.1.1 Classical Attack Types
11.1.2 Classical Secure System Properties
11.2 Attack Types
11.2.1 Gaining Physical Access
11.2.2 Universal Attacks
11.2.2.1 Message/Cipher Eavesdropping
11.2.2.2 Injection Attack
11.2.2.3 Denial of Service
11.2.3 Attacks on Wireless Nanonetworks
11.2.3.1 Black Hole Attacks
11.2.3.2 Wormhole Attack
11.2.3.3 Replay Message Attack
11.2.3.4 Man-in-the-Middle Attack
11.2.3.5 Malware Attack
11.2.3.6 Device Tampering
11.2.4 Attacks on DNA/Molecular Nanonetworks
11.2.4.1 Attractant/Repellant Attacks
11.2.4.2 Molecular DoS/Congestion Attack
11.2.4.3 Chemical/Physical Disruption
11.3 Securing Nanonetworks
11.3.1 Low-power AES
11.3.2 One-Time Pads
11.3.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check
11.3.4 Low-power Hashing
11.3.5 Medium Access Control
11.3.6 Gateway Security
11.4 Molecular and DNA-based Security
11.4.1 Infeasibility of Classical Algorithms
11.4.2 Steganography
11.5 Summary
Chapter 12 Nanonetwork Concepts and Architectures
12.1 From Macro to Nano
12.2 Nanonetwork Role Models
12.2.1 IoNT
12.2.2 Body Area Networks
12.2.3 Swarm-Based Networks and Self-organization
12.3 Nanonetworks
12.3.1 Acoustic Nanonetworks
12.3.2 EMC Nanonetworks
12.3.2.1 Nanonetworks on Chips
12.3.3 Bacteria-based Nanonetworks
12.3.4 Molecular Nanonetworks
12.4 DNA-Based Nanonetworks
12.4.1 And?-?The Distributed Consensus
12.4.2 Thres?-?Exceeding a Critical Threshold
12.4.3 Add?-?Basic Arithmetics
12.4.4 Solving Arbitrary Boolean Formulas
12.4.5 Solving Arbitrary Computations?-?Turing Networks
12.4.6 Personalized Health Parameter Anomaly Detection
12.4.7 Tile-based Anomaly Detection
12.4.7.1 Phase 1
12.4.7.2 Phase 2
12.4.7.3 Evaluation
12.4.7.4 Realistic Simulation in the kTAM
12.4.7.5 Analysis in the 2HAM
12.5 Verification Methods for Nanonetworks
12.5.1 Analytical Methods
12.5.2 Complexity Analysis
12.5.3 Simulation
12.5.4 Organs-on-Chips
12.5.5 Wet-lab
12.6 Summary
Chapter 13 Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues
13.1 The Process from Idea to Final Product
13.2 Environment
13.2.1 Biocompatibility
13.3 Waste Disposal
13.4 Politics and Legal Matters
13.5 Acceptance
13.6 Dangers and Fears
13.7 Summary
Chapter 14 Conclusion
14.1 Summary
14.2 The Future and Visions of Nanonetworks
14.2.1 Near Future
14.2.2 Middle Future
14.2.3 Distant Future
14.3 Key Message
Bibliography
Index
EULA

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