From the Grassroots to the Supreme Court

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction / Peter F. Lau 1

Part I: Historical Contexts: Views from the Grassroots

Plessy and Early Challenges to the Doctrine of "Separate, but Equal" / Blair L. M. Kelley 19

Tapestries of Resistance: Episodes of School Segregation and Desegregation in the Western United States / Vicki L. Ruiz 44

Within the Shadow of Jim Crow: Black Struggles for Education and Liberation in North Carolina / Raymond Gavins 68

"Liberating Lifescripts": Price Edward County, Virginia, and the Roots of Brown v. Board of Education / Kara Miles Turner 88

From the Periphery to the Center: Clarendon County, South Carolina, Brown, and the Struggle for Democracy and Equality in America / Peter F. Lau 105

Part II: Advocates, Judges, and the Making of Brown

A Civil Rights Vanguard: Black Attorneys and the NAACP in Virginia / Larissa M. Smith 129

Prelude to Brown: Education and the Struggle for Racial Justice during the NAACP's Formative Decades, 1909-1934 / Patricia Sullivan 154

J. Waties Waring and the Making of Liberal Jurisprudence in Postwar America / Christopher W. Schmidt 173

Brown v. Board of Education: Law of Politics? / Michael J. Klarman 198

Part III: Historical Impact: Views from the Grassroots

The Impact of Lawyer-Client Disengagement on the NAACP's Campaign to Implement Brown v. Board of Education in Atlanta / Tomiko Brown-Nagin 227

"The New Negro Ain't Scared No More!": Black Women's Activism in North Carolina and the Meaning of Brown / Christina Greene 245

The Rural-Urban Matrix in the 1950s South: Rethinking Racial Struggles in Memphis / Laurie B. Green 270

New York, Puerto Ricans, and the Dilemmas of Integration / Madeleine E. Lopez 300

Part IV: Life, Law, and Culture in Post-Brown America

"Stretching Out": Living and Remembering Brown, 1945-1970 / Waldo E. Martin Jr. 321

The Supreme Court's Two Principles of Equality, From Brown to 2003 / Mark V. Tushnet 340

Brown v. Board of Education and its Impact on Black Education in America / Davison M. Douglas 361

Conclusion: Brown and Historical Memory / Peter F. Lau 383

Bibliography 387

Notes on the Contributors 391

Index 395