Tungsten

1. The Element Tungsten: Its Properties.- 1.1. Analogous to Atom Related Physical Properties.- 1.2. Bulk Tungsten Metal Related Physical Properties.- 1.3. Chemical Properties of Tungsten Metal.- References for Chapter 1.- 2. Tungsten History: From Genesis to the 20th Century Products.- 2.1. The Formation of Tungsten Atoms.- 2.2 How Tungsten Atoms Came on Earth.- 2.3. Average Abundance.- 2.4. Geology: Formation of Ore Deposits.- 2.5. Minerals.- 2.6. Ore Deposits and Reserves.- 2.7. Early Discoveries of Ores, Compounds, and of the Element.- 2.8. Technically Important Discoveries.- 2.9. Industrial Evolution.- References for Chapter 2.- 3. Important Aspects of Tungsten Chemistry.- 3.1. Oxidation of Tungsten Metal by Air or Oxygen.- 3.2. Reaction of Tungsten with Water.- 3.3. Reduction of Tungsten Oxides by Hydrogen.- 3.4. Reduction of Tungsten Oxides by Carbon or Carbon-Containing Compounds.- 3.5. Reduction of Tungsten Halides.- 3.6. Reaction of Tungsten with Carbon or Carbon-Containing Compounds (Carburization).- 3.7. Chemistry of Aqueous Tungsten Solutions.- 3.8. Electrochemistry of Tungsten.- References for Chapter 3.- 4. Tungsten Compounds and Their Application.- 4.1. Tungsten and Metals: Intermetallic Compounds and Phases.- 4.2. Tungsten and Nonmetals.- 4.3. Mixed Ligand and Coordination Compounds of Tungsten.- 4.4. Organometallic Tungsten Compounds.- References for Chapter 4.- 5. Industrial Production.- 5.1. Mining and Ore Beneficiation.- 5.2. Hydrometallurgy.- 5.3. The Highly Pure Intermediates.- 5.4. Tungsten Metal Powder Production.- 5.5. Powder Metallurgy.- 5.6. Alternative Processes.- 5.7. Special Tungsten Forms and Qualities.- References for Chapter 5.- 6. Tungsten Alloys.- 6.1. Substitutional Alloys (Solid-Solution Alloys).- 6.2. Dispersion-Strengthened and Precipitation-Hardening Alloys.- 6.3. Tungsten Composites.- References for Chapter 6.- 7. Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Products.- 7.1. Lighting Application.- 7.2. Electrical Engineering.- 7.3. Electronics.- 7.4. High-Temperature Technique.- 7.5. Welding, Cutting, Plasma Spraying, Spark Erosion, and Vapor Deposition.- 7.6. X-Rays, Radiation, Medical Engineering.- 7.7. Mechanical and Engine Engineering.- 7.8. Leisure Time and Sports Equipment.- 7.9. Chemical Industry and Metallurgy.- 7.10. Space Aviation.- 7.11. Military Applications.- 7.12. Aviation.- 7.13. Laser Technique.- References for Chapter 7.- 8. Tungsten in Melting Metallurgy.- 8.1. Tungsten in Steel.- 8.2. Superalloys.- 8.3. Stellite Alloys.- References for Chapter 8.- 9. Tungsten in Hardmetals.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Raw Materials.- 9.3. Hardmetal Production.- 9.4. Hardmetal Qualities and Applications.- References for Chapter 9.- 10. Tungsten in Catalysis.- 10.1. Metallic Tungsten.- 10.2. Oxides.- 10.3. Halides.- 10.4. Carbon Compounds.- 10.5. Organotungsten Compounds: Catalysts in ROMP and ADMET.- 10.6. Tungstates.- 10.7. Chalkogenides.- References for Chapter 10.- 11. Tungsten Scrap Recycling.- 11.1. Introduction and General Considerations.- 11.2. Tungsten Recycling Methods.- References for Chapter 11.- 12. Ecology.- 12.1. Introduction.- 12.2. Mining and Ore Dressing.- 12.3. Chemical Conversion.- 12.4. Powder Metallurgy.- 12.5. Environmental Considerations about the Substitution of High Speed Steel by Hardmetals.- References for Chapter 12.- 13. Economy.- 13.1. Introduction.- 13.2. World Mine Production.- 13.3. Price of Tungsten.- 13.4. Supply and Demand.- 13.5. Consumption and Use.- 13.6. The "International Tungsten Industry Association" (ITIA).- References for Chapter 13.- 14. Tungsten and LivingOrganisms.- 14.1. Introduction.- 14.2. Tungsten in Bacteria (Tungsten Enzymes).- 14.3. Tungsten and Animals.- 14.4. Tungsten and Humans.- References for Chapter 14.