Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment

Name: Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment | Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects
Brand: Wiley-Scrivener
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Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects

Bhajan Lal Sirisha Nallakukkala(Autor*in)

Wiley-Scrivener (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 14. März 2022

336 Seiten

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Beschreibung

GAS HYDRATE IN WATER TREATMENT

Explores current progress in the expanding field of gas hydrate-based desalination

As potable water shortages continue to affect billions of people worldwide, seawater desalination and wastewater treatment have the potential to meet freshwater demands in the near future. Gas hydrate-based desalination, a process which requires CO2 and water as solvent, has become an increasingly popular approach--desalination with hydrates is environmentally friendly and can produce cheaper desalted water than other existing conventional technologies.

Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects provides detailed, up-to-date reference to the application of gas hydrates in wastewater and seawater desalination treatment. Edited by experienced researchers in the field, this comprehensive volume describes the fundamental aspects of desalination and summarizes the latest research on gas hydrate-based desalination. The authors address a broad range of key topics, including issues related to water scarcity, post-treatment of desalinated water using both conventional and new technologies, hydrate-based desalination methods driven by renewable energy sources, and more.

* Provides thorough coverage of the technological, waste brine management, economic, and renewable energy and remineralization aspects of gas hydrate-based wastewater treatment

* Describes the energetic, economic, and environmental impact of gas hydrate desalination

* Explains the core concepts of gas hydrate-based desalination to help readers evaluate the performance of existing desalination processes

* Discusses the advantages and challenges of hydrate-based water treatment

* Compares conventional and gas hydrate technologies used in water treatment

* Reviews the most recent research in gas hydrate-based desalination

Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment: Technological, Economic, and Industrial Aspects is an essential resource for all academics, researchers, process engineers, designers, industry professionals, and advanced students in the field.

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Inhalt

Intro
Gas Hydrate in Water Treatment
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Desalination
1.1 Coping with Water Scarcity
1.2 Origin of Gas Hydrates
1.3 Concept of Hydrate Formation
1.4 Application of Gas Hydrate in Desalination
1.5 Phase Behavior and Thermodynamic Measurement
1.6 Kinetics of Hydrate Formation
1.6.1 Induction Time
1.6.2 Moles of Gas Used Up
1.6.3 Rate of Hydrate Formation
1.6.4 Water to Hydrate Conversion
1.7 Hydrate Decomposition
2 Technologies in Desalination
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conventional Desalination Methods
2.2.1 Multistage Flash Desalination
2.2.2 Multi-effect Desalination
2.2.3 Reverse Osmosis
2.2.4 Other Desalination Methods
2.3 Gas Hydrate-based Desalination
3 Prospectives on Gas Hydrates-based Desalination
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Proposed Gas Hydrate-based Desalination Design
3.2.1 Design 1
3.2.2 Jacketed Reactor Designs
3.2.2.1 Design 1
3.2.2.2 Design 2
3.2.3 Silica Sand Bed Crystallizer Reactor Design
3.2.3.1 Design 1
3.2.3.2 Design 2
3.2.3.3 Design 3
3.2.4 Stirred Reactor Design
3.2.4.1 Design 1
3.2.4.2 Design 2
3.2.4.3 Design 3
3.2.5 Novel Reactor Design
4 Hydrate Promoters in Gas Hydrate-based Desalination
4.1 Chemical Additives in Desalination
4.2 Overview of Gas Hydrate Additives in the Desalination Process
4.3 Favorable Conditions Used to Determine Suitable Hydrating Agents
4.4 Formers and Promoters in Hydrate-based Desalination
4.5 Hydrate Formers Investigation
4.5.1 Gaseous Hydrate Formers
4.5.2 Liquid Hydrate Formers
4.5.3 Functional Additives
4.6 Conclusion
5 Modeling of Seawater Desalination by Gas Hydrate Method
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Gas Hydrate Thermodynamic and Kinetic models
5.3 Statistical Thermodynamic Modeling of Hydrate Equilibrium
5.3.1 Modeling Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Cyclopentane Hydrates in the Presence of Salts
5.3.1.1 Standard Freezing Point Depression Calculation
5.3.1.2 Hu-Lee-Sum Correlation
5.3.1.3 Kihara Approach
5.3.1.4 Activity-Based Occupancy Correlation Approach
5.3.2 Modeling of Thermodynamic Equilibrium of Mixed Cyclopentane/Carbon Dioxide Hydrates
5.4 Kinetic Models for Hydrate Formation
5.4.1 Mathematical Model for Seawater Desalination
5.4.2 Lattice Boltzmann Model for Hydrate Formation
5.5 Machine Learning Models to Predict Desalination Efficiency
5.5.1 Machine Learning Techniques to Model Hydrate-based Desalination
5.5.2 Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System
5.5.2.1 Layer 1: Input Membership Function Layer
5.5.2.2 Layer 2: Product Layer
5.5.2.3 Layer 3: Normalization Layer
5.5.2.4 Layer 4: Output Membership Function Layer
5.5.2.5 Layer 5: Overall Output Layer
5.5.3 SVM Approach
5.5.4 Genetic Algorithm
5.5.5 Conclusion
6 Gas Hydrates in Wastewater Treatment
6.1 Ecosystem Approach to Pollution Control
6.2 Interaction of Wastewater with the Ecosystem
6.3 Sources of Wastewater
6.3.1 Agricultural Wastewater
6.3.2 Municipal Wastewater
6.3.3 Industrial Wastewater
6.4 Impact of Wastewater on Ecology
6.5 Current Technologies for Addressing Wastewater Issues
6.5.1 Chemical Precipitation
6.5.2 Adsorption
6.5.3 Membrane Technologies
6.5.4 Electrodialysis
6.6 Gas Hydrates
6.6.1 Formation Process of Gas Hydrates
6.6.2 Gas Hydrate Growth Process
6.6.3 Kinetics of Hydrate Formation
6.6.3.1 Effects of Salt During Hydrate Formation
6.6.3.2 Effect of Water to Gas Ratio
6.6.3.3 Effect of Pressure During Hydrate Formation
6.6.3.4 Effect of Stirrer during Hydrate Formation
6.6.4 Hydrate Dissociation
6.6.4.1 Water Recovery
6.6.4.2 Removal Efficiency, Enrichment Factor, and Yield
6.6.5 Kinetic Models of Gas Hydrate Growth
7 Artificial Intelligence in Water Treatment Process Optimization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background Information
7.3 Optimization of Water Treatment Plants
7.4 Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Freshwater Treatment
7.5 Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Wastewater Treatment
7.6 Other Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Wastewater Treatment
7.7 Application on Gas Hydrate Plants
8 Standard Analytical Techniques for Analysis of Wastewater
8.1 Methods, Scope, and Their Applications
8.2 Physical Properties of Water
8.2.1 Color
8.2.1.1 Visual Comparison Method
8.2.1.2 Spectroscopic Single-wavelength Method
8.2.1.3 Spectrophotometric Multiwavelength Method
8.2.1.4 Tristimulus Spectrophotometric Method
8.2.1.5 ADMI Weighted-ordinate Spectrophotometric Method
8.2.2 Turbidity
8.2.2.1 Nephelometric Method
8.2.3 Odor
8.2.3.1 Threshold Odor Test
8.2.4 Taste
8.2.4.1 Flavor Threshold Test
8.2.4.2 Flavor Rating Assessment
8.2.4.3 Flavor Profile Analysis
8.2.5 Acidity
8.2.5.1 Titration Method (Acidity Measurement)
8.2.6 Alkalinity
8.2.6.1 Titration Method (Alkalinity Measurement)
8.2.7 Calcium Carbonate Saturation
8.2.7.1 Saturation Index Basis
8.2.7.2 Saturation Index by Experimental Determination
8.2.7.3 Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential for Alkalinity Measurement
8.2.8 Hardness
8.2.8.1 Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential for Hardness Measurement
8.2.8.2 EDTA Titrimetric Method
8.2.9 Conductivity
8.2.10 Salinity
8.2.11 Solids
8.2.11.1 Total Dissolved Solids
8.2.11.2 Total Suspended Solids
8.2.12 Asbestos
8.2.13 Oxidation-Reduction Potential
8.2.14 Tests and Methods on Sludges
8.2.14.1 Oxygen Consumption Rate
8.2.14.2 Sludge Volume Index
8.2.14.3 Specific Gravity
8.2.14.4 Zone Settling Rate
8.2.14.5 Time for Capillary Suction
8.2.15 Anaerobic Sludge Digester Gas Analysis
8.2.15.1 Volumetric Method
8.2.15.2 Gas Chromatographic Method
8.3 Analysis of Inorganic Metal Constituents
8.3.1 Conductivity
8.3.2 Dissolved and Suspended Metals Filtration
8.3.3 Digestion of Metals
8.3.3.1 Selection of Acid
8.3.3.2 Nitric Acid Digestion
8.3.3.3 Microwave-assisted Digestion
8.3.4 Metals by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
8.3.4.1 Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
8.3.4.2 Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method
8.3.4.3 Extraction/Air-Acetylene Flame Method
8.3.4.4 Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method
8.3.5 Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
8.3.6 Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
8.3.7 Arsenic and Selenium by Hydride Generation
8.3.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy
8.3.9 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
8.3.10 Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
8.4 Analysis of Inorganic Anion Constituents
8.4.1 Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluent Conductivity
8.4.2 Single-column Ion Chromatography with Direct Conductivity Detection
8.4.3 Ion Chromatography Determination of Oxyhalides and Bromide
8.4.4 Capillary Ion Electrophoresis with Indirect Ultraviolet Detection
8.5 Analysis of Organic Constituents
8.5.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
8.5.2 Five-Day BOD Test
8.5.3 Ultimate BOD Test
8.5.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand
8.5.5 Total Organic Carbon
8.5.6 Oil and Grease
8.5.7 Phenols
8.5.8 Surfactants
8.5.9 Tannin and Lignin
8.5.10 Organic and Volatile Acids
8.6 Analysis of Radioactive Materials
8.7 Toxicity Test Systems, Requirements, Evaluation, and Implementation
8.7.1 Requirements for Toxicity Test
8.7.2 Categories of Toxicity Test: Uses, Pros, and Cons
8.7.3 Short-term Toxicity Test
8.7.3.1 Range-finding Examination
8.7.3.2 Short-term Definitive Examination
8.7.3.3 Intermediate Toxicity Examination
8.7.3.4 Long-term Partial or Complete Toxicity Examination
8.7.3.5 Short-term Examination for Estimating Chronic Toxicity
8.7.4 Toxicity Test Systems
8.7.5 Source Evaluation of Toxicity
8.7.6 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation
8.7.6.1 Pretreatment Control Evaluation
8.7.6.2 In-plant Control Evaluation
8.7.7 Toxicity Control Implementation
8.7.8 Calculating, Investigating, and Reporting Toxicity Results
9 Economic Analysis of Desalination Process
9.1 Overview
9.2 Cost of Treated Water
9.2.1 Fixed Cost
9.2.2 Variable Cost
9.3 Factors Affecting the Product Cost
9.4 Case Studies
9.4.1 Multistage Flash Distillation
9.4.2 Multi-Effect Evaporation
9.4.3 Mechanical Vapor Compression (MVC)
9.4.4 Reverse Osmosis
9.4.5 Gas Hydrate-Based Desalination
10 Renewable Energy in Desalination and Hybrid Technologies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Renewable Energy
10.3 Renewable Energy Usage in Desalination
10.3.1 Solar Energy
10.3.2 Wind Energy
10.3.3 Nuclear Energy
10.3.4 Geothermal Energy
10.3.5 Wave Energy
10.4 Hybrid Technologies
10.4.1 Forward Osmosis-Nanofiltration Hybrid Systems
10.4.2 Electrodialysis-Reverse Osmosis Hybrid Systems
10.4.3 Reverse Osmosis-Membrane Distillation Hybrid Systems
10.4.4 Forward Osmosis-Membrane Distillation Hybrid Systems
10.4.5 Forward Osmosis-Electrodialysis
10.4.6 Freeze Desalination-Membrane Distillation Hybrid System
10.4.7 Gas Hydrates-Reverse Osmosis Hybrid System
10.4.8 Gas Hydrate-Capacitive Deionization Processes (CDI)
10.5 Future Prospects
10.6 Conclusion
11 Waste Brine Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Waste Brine Watercourse Constituents
11.3 Waste Brine Discharge Methods
11.3.1 Sewer Discharge
11.3.2 Surface Water Discharge
11.3.3 Evaporation
11.3.4 Recycling and Reuse
11.3.5 Deep Well Injection
11.3.6 Environmental Impact and Regulatory Compliance
11.4 Waste Brine Management Methods
11.4.1 Chemical Precipitation
11.4.2 Adsorption
11.4.3 Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis
11.4.4 Crystallization and Evaporation
11.4.5 Acid and Caustic Production
11.4.6 Regeneration of Wetlands and Agricultural Applications
11.4.7 Softener Brine Recycling
11.4.8 De-icing and Dust Control
11.4.9 Recovery and Trade of Solid Salts
11.4.10 Cooling
11.4.11 Brine Incineration
11.5 Waste Brine Valorization: Opportunities and Challenges
11.5.1 Waste Brine as a Resource and Its Application in Gas Hydrates
11.5.2 Membrane-based Process for Valorization of Waste Brine
11.5.3 Recovery of Calcium and Its Conversion to Calcium Sulfate
11.5.4 Retrieval of Magnesium Oxide from Waste Brine
11.5.5 Opportunities and Challenges
11.6 Evolving Waste Brine Treatment Strategies and Sights for Future Feasibility
11.7 Conclusion
12 Post-Treatment of Desalinated Water: Effects and Remedy by Remineralization Methods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Safeguarding Human Health
12.2.1 Desalinated Water Quality
12.2.2 Remineralization of Desalinated Water for Consumption
12.3 Impacts on Agriculture
12.3.1 Effects of Desalinated Water on the Irrigation System
12.3.2 Remineralization Needed for Irrigation
12.4 Corrosion of Distribution Network and Scaling
12.4.1 Corrosion Problems Involving Desalinated Water
12.4.2 Remineralization Needed for Corrosion Control
12.5 Remineralization Techniques
12.5.1 Emerging Techniques
12.6 Conclusion
Index
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