1 - Front Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Clinical Nutrition [Seite 2]
3 - copyright [Seite copyright]
- 3 [Seite 3]
4 - Contributors [Seite 4]
5 - Contents [Seite 6]
6 - Veterinary clinics of [Seite Veterinary clinics of]
North america: small - [Seite North america: small]
Animal practice - [Seite Animal practice]
- 9 [Seite 9]
7 - Preface [Seite Preface]
- 10 [Seite 10]
8 - Nutritional Concepts for the Veterinary Practitioner [Seite 12]
8.1 - Key points [Seite 12]
8.2 - Introduction [Seite 12]
8.3 - Diseases and nutrition [Seite 13]
8.4 - Evaluation of pet foods [Seite 14]
8.5 - Helping owners choose a diet [Seite 16]
8.6 - Pet food labels [Seite 16]
8.7 - Nutritional assessment of dogs and cats [Seite 20]
8.7.1 - What is a Nutritional Assessment? [Seite 20]
8.7.2 - Screening and Extended Evaluations [Seite 22]
8.7.3 - Dietary and Feeding Management Plan [Seite 22]
8.8 - Integrating nutritional assessments into a busy general practice [Seite 26]
8.8.1 - Awareness and Education (Secure Staff Support) [Seite 26]
8.8.2 - Initiation [Seite 26]
8.8.3 - Monitor and Review [Seite 28]
8.8.4 - Comments [Seite 28]
8.9 - Nutrition myths and misconceptions [Seite 28]
8.9.1 - Myth: Large-Breed Puppies Should Be Fed an Adult Maintenance Diet to Prevent Developmental Orthopedic Disease [Seite 28]
8.9.2 - Myth: Dry Diets Cause Gastric Dilation Volvulus [Seite 28]
8.9.3 - Myth: Fasting Is an Effect Method for Weight Loss [Seite 29]
8.9.4 - Myth: Feeding Brewer's Yeast, or Onions, or Garlic, Prevents Fleas [Seite 29]
8.9.5 - Myth: Dogs Should Have Bones to Eat/Chew [Seite 29]
8.9.6 - Myth: Raw Diets Are Better Because They Are More Natural [Seite 29]
8.9.7 - Myth: Gluten-Free Diets Are Healthier for Dogs and Cats [Seite 29]
8.9.8 - Myth: Senior Dogs and Cats Should Be Fed a Low-Protein Diet to Prevent Kidney Disease [Seite 30]
8.9.9 - Myth: By-Products Are Poor Quality Ingredients [Seite 30]
8.9.10 - Myth: Feeding Dry Food to Cats Causes Diabetes Mellitus Because of the High-Carbohydrate Content [Seite 30]
8.10 - Summary [Seite 31]
8.11 - References [Seite 31]
9 - Handling Alternative Dietary Requests from Pet Owners [Seite 34]
9.1 - Key points [Seite 34]
9.2 - Introduction [Seite 35]
9.2.1 - What Is a "Conventional" Versus an "Unconventional" Diet? [Seite 35]
9.2.2 - New Thinking: "Alternative" Diets [Seite 36]
9.2.3 - Dietary Options Available to Owners [Seite 37]
9.3 - How to assess alternative diets [Seite 38]
9.3.1 - North American Pet Food Regulations [Seite 38]
9.3.2 - Determining Nutritional Adequacy of a Patient's Diet [Seite 41]
9.3.2.1 - Nutritionally complete and balanced [Seite 41]
9.3.2.1.1 - Species [Seite 41]
9.3.2.1.2 - Life stage [Seite 42]
9.3.2.1.3 - Method of determining nutritional adequacy [Seite 42]
9.3.2.1.3.1 - Action [Seite 43]
9.3.2.2 - Intermittent or supplemental feeding only [Seite 43]
9.3.2.2.1 - Action [Seite 43]
9.3.2.3 - Feed under the supervision or direction of a veterinarian [Seite 43]
9.3.2.3.1 - Action [Seite 44]
9.3.2.3.2 - Product recalls [Seite 44]
9.3.2.3.3 - Products without a nutritional adequacy statement [Seite 44]
9.3.2.3.4 - Premade "homemade" diets [Seite 44]
9.3.2.3.5 - Premade products [Seite 45]
9.3.2.3.6 - Mixers and toppers [Seite 45]
9.3.2.3.7 - Homemade or home-prepared diets [Seite 45]
9.3.2.3.8 - Determining product safety [Seite 46]
9.4 - How to assess patients on alternative diets [Seite 48]
9.4.1 - Body Weight Trends, Body Condition Scores, and Muscle Condition Scores [Seite 50]
9.4.2 - Feces [Seite 51]
9.4.3 - Skin and Coat [Seite 51]
9.4.4 - Eyes and Vision [Seite 52]
9.4.5 - Skeleton [Seite 52]
9.4.6 - Laboratory Data [Seite 53]
9.5 - Summary [Seite 53]
9.6 - References [Seite 53]
10 - Myths and Misperceptions About Ingredients Used in Commercial Pet Foods [Seite 56]
10.1 - Key points [Seite 56]
10.2 - Grains in pet foods [Seite 58]
10.2.1 - Allergies and Grains [Seite 59]
10.2.2 - Carbohydrates in Pet Foods [Seite 59]
10.3 - Meat or poultry by-products and meals [Seite 60]
10.3.1 - Animal Versus Vegetable Source Proteins: Determinants of Protein Quality [Seite 61]
10.4 - Effect of cooking on quality and digestibility of nutrients [Seite 62]
10.4.1 - About Extrusion Cooking [Seite 62]
10.5 - Additives and preservatives [Seite 62]
10.6 - Summary [Seite 63]
10.7 - References [Seite 63]
11 - Macronutrients in Feline Health [Seite 66]
11.1 - Key points [Seite 66]
11.2 - Introduction [Seite 66]
11.3 - Macronutrient requirements for cats: minimums and maximums [Seite 67]
11.3.1 - Protein Requirements [Seite 67]
11.3.2 - Fat Requirements [Seite 68]
11.3.3 - Carbohydrate Requirements [Seite 70]
11.4 - Macronutrient preferences of cats [Seite 70]
11.5 - Macronutrients and age [Seite 71]
11.6 - Macronutrients and maintaining a healthy body weight [Seite 72]
11.6.1 - The Role of Protein [Seite 72]
11.6.1.1 - Satiety [Seite 73]
11.6.1.2 - Thermogenesis [Seite 74]
11.6.1.3 - Lean body mass preservation [Seite 75]
11.6.2 - Weight Gain: Fat or Carbohydrates? [Seite 75]
11.7 - Macronutrients and prevention of diseases: what is the evidence? [Seite 76]
11.7.1 - Diabetes Mellitus [Seite 76]
11.7.2 - Chronic Kidney Disease [Seite 78]
11.8 - Summary [Seite 78]
11.9 - References [Seite 79]
12 - Nutrition for Working and Service Dogs [Seite 86]
12.1 - Key points [Seite 86]
12.2 - Introduction [Seite 86]
12.3 - The energetic cost of activity [Seite 86]
12.4 - Energy and demand: fat and carbohydrate [Seite 88]
12.5 - Protein requirements for the canine athlete [Seite 90]
12.6 - Body condition and exercise [Seite 91]
12.7 - Fat: beyond energy [Seite 92]
12.8 - Carbohydrates: timing and strategy [Seite 93]
12.9 - Dietary fiber [Seite 93]
12.10 - Electrolytes, minerals, and vitamins in the working canine [Seite 94]
12.11 - Feeding strategies in canine athletes [Seite 96]
12.12 - Diet in the geriatric athlete [Seite 97]
12.13 - Diets for future canine athletes: nutritional considerations during growth [Seite 100]
12.14 - Summary [Seite 101]
12.15 - References [Seite 101]
13 - Nutrition of Aging Dogs [Seite 108]
13.1 - Key points [Seite 108]
13.2 - Introduction [Seite 108]
13.2.1 - Relevance [Seite 108]
13.2.2 - When Are Dogs Considered Seniors? [Seite 108]
13.3 - Assessment [Seite 109]
13.4 - Physiologic changes associated with aging [Seite 110]
13.4.1 - Impact of Aging on Nutrient Absorption [Seite 111]
13.4.2 - Impact of Aging on Gut Microbiota [Seite 112]
13.4.3 - Impact of Aging on the Brain [Seite 113]
13.4.4 - Impact of Aging on Immune Health [Seite 113]
13.4.5 - Impact of Aging on Gene Expression [Seite 113]
13.4.6 - Impact of Aging on Special Senses and Metabolic Flexibility [Seite 113]
13.5 - Nutritional management of physiologic aging changes [Seite 114]
13.5.1 - Energy [Seite 114]
13.5.2 - Protein [Seite 114]
13.5.3 - Phosphorus [Seite 115]
13.5.4 - Sodium [Seite 115]
13.6 - Nutritional management of selected age-related diseases [Seite 115]
13.6.1 - Nutritional Intervention for Cognitive Dysfunction [Seite 115]
13.6.1.1 - Antioxidants [Seite 115]
13.6.1.2 - Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids [Seite 116]
13.6.1.3 - Alternative fuel sources [Seite 116]
13.6.2 - Nutritional Intervention for Declining Immunity [Seite 116]
13.6.3 - Nutritional Intervention for Degenerative Joint Disease [Seite 117]
13.6.3.1 - Management of body fat and muscle mass [Seite 117]
13.6.3.2 - Long-chain omega-3 PUFA [Seite 117]
13.6.3.3 - Green-lipped mussel extract [Seite 117]
13.6.3.4 - Glucosamine and chondroitin [Seite 118]
13.6.3.5 - Other nutraceuticals [Seite 118]
13.7 - Reassessment and treatment adjustment [Seite 118]
13.8 - Discussion [Seite 118]
13.9 - Summary [Seite 119]
13.10 - References [Seite 119]
14 - Nutrition of Aging Cats [Seite 128]
14.1 - Key points [Seite 128]
14.2 - Introduction [Seite 128]
14.3 - Physical and nutritional evaluation of aging cats [Seite 129]
14.4 - Nutritional requirements of aging cats [Seite 130]
14.4.1 - Energy Requirements Change with Age [Seite 130]
14.4.2 - Body Weight and Body Composition Changes with Age [Seite 130]
14.4.3 - Balancing the Diet: Protein, Fat, and Carbohydrates [Seite 131]
14.4.4 - Feeding Management [Seite 132]
14.5 - Therapeutic nutrition for specific conditions [Seite 134]
14.5.1 - Feline Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome [Seite 134]
14.5.2 - Diabetes Mellitus [Seite 134]
14.5.3 - Chronic Kidney Disease [Seite 135]
14.5.4 - Osteoarthritis [Seite 136]
14.5.5 - Hyperthyroidism [Seite 137]
14.6 - References [Seite 138]
15 - Dietary Management of Feline Endocrine Disease [Seite 142]
15.1 - Key points [Seite 142]
15.2 - Introduction [Seite 142]
15.3 - Hyperthyroidism in cats [Seite 143]
15.3.1 - The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Hyperthyroid Cat [Seite 143]
15.3.1.1 - Weight loss and muscle wasting [Seite 143]
15.3.1.2 - Hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and overt diabetes [Seite 143]
15.3.1.3 - Hyperphosphatemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and chronic kidney disease [Seite 144]
15.3.1.4 - Sarcopenia of aging [Seite 144]
15.3.2 - Management Goals [Seite 145]
15.3.3 - Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Hyperthyroid Cats [Seite 145]
15.3.3.1 - High dietary protein [Seite 145]
15.3.3.2 - Low dietary carbohydrates [Seite 146]
15.3.3.3 - Lower dietary phosphate [Seite 146]
15.4 - Diabetes mellitus [Seite 147]
15.4.1 - The Many Metabolic Problems Facing the Diabetic Cat [Seite 147]
15.4.1.1 - Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, glucose toxicity [Seite 148]
15.4.1.2 - Weight loss or gain, obesity, muscle wasting [Seite 148]
15.4.1.3 - Sarcopenia of aging [Seite 148]
15.4.2 - Nutritional Management Goals [Seite 148]
15.4.3 - Nutritional Strategies and Recommendations for Diabetic Cats [Seite 149]
15.4.3.1 - Low dietary carbohydrates [Seite 149]
15.4.3.2 - High dietary protein [Seite 149]
15.5 - References [Seite 150]
16 - Pet Obesity Management [Seite 156]
16.1 - Key points [Seite 156]
16.2 - Introduction [Seite 156]
16.2.1 - The Status of Pet Obesity [Seite 157]
16.2.2 - Risk Factors for Obesity [Seite 157]
16.2.3 - Perception of Obesity [Seite 158]
16.3 - Clinical considerations in obesity [Seite 158]
16.3.1 - Client Cost for Obesity [Seite 158]
16.3.2 - Adjusted Body Weight and Medication Dosage [Seite 158]
16.4 - Consequences of obesity [Seite 158]
16.4.1 - Subclinical Consequences of Obesity [Seite 159]
16.4.2 - Clinical Diseases Associated with Obesity [Seite 159]
16.4.3 - Quality of Life in Obese Pets [Seite 159]
16.5 - Prevention [Seite 159]
16.6 - Initial approach to weight management [Seite 160]
16.6.1 - Pet Assessment [Seite 160]
16.6.2 - Owner Assessment [Seite 161]
16.7 - Selecting a diet: nutrients of concern [Seite 161]
16.7.1 - Lower Calorie Density [Seite 162]
16.7.2 - Macronutrient Profile (Protein, Carbohydrates, and Fat) [Seite 162]
16.7.3 - Micronutrient Profile [Seite 162]
16.7.4 - Additional Nutrients [Seite 162]
16.7.5 - Treats [Seite 162]
16.8 - Energy restriction [Seite 163]
16.8.1 - Initial Calculation [Seite 163]
16.8.2 - Rate of Weight Loss [Seite 163]
16.8.3 - Special Considerations [Seite 163]
16.8.4 - Energy Restriction for Maintenance of Weight Loss [Seite 163]
16.9 - Physical activity for management of obesity [Seite 164]
16.10 - How to integrate human-animal interaction into obesity prevention and treatment [Seite 164]
16.10.1 - The Discussion of Pet Obesity [Seite 164]
16.10.2 - Creating Effective Weight Management Plans by Understanding Owner-Pet Attachment [Seite 165]
16.10.3 - Incorporating Family Dynamics to Address Challenges in Weight Management Plans [Seite 167]
16.11 - Partnering with pets to achieve wellness [Seite 168]
16.12 - Summary [Seite 168]
16.13 - Supplementary data [Seite 168]
16.14 - References [Seite 168]
17 - Index [Seite 174]
