Clinical Endocrinology

I. General Aspects of Endocrinology.- A. Introduction.- B. Endocrine Genetics.- C. Biosynthesis of Hormones.- D. Storage and Release of Hormones.- E. Hormone Transport.- F. Transfer of "Hormonal" Information to the Receptor Cell.- G. Receptors.- H. Events Following the Binding of Hormones to Receptors.- 1. Effects of Hormones on Membranes.- 2. Cyclic AMP and the Concept of the Second Messenger.- 3. Effects of Hormones on Protein Synthesis.- 4. Direct Effects of Hormones on Enzyme Activities.- 5. Effects of Hormones on Cellular Differentiation.- I. Hormones as Components of Physiological Control Systems.- References.- II. The Hypothalamus.- A. Definition.- B. Embryology and Gross Anatomy.- C. Physiology.- D. Pathology and Clinical Features of Endocrinopathies due to Hypothalamic Involvement.- E. Diagnosis of Hypothalamic Endocrinopathies.- F. Special Syndromes.- References.- III. The Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- 1. The Neurohypophysis.- 2. The Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal Connections.- C. Biochemistry, Transport, Inactivation, and Excretion.- D. Physiology.- 1. Place of Formation of Vasopressin and Oxytocin.- 2. Release.- 3. Action of the Neurohypophyseal Hormones.- 4. Interrelations.- E. Hypofunction of the Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal System.- Diabetes Insipidus.- 1. Definition.- 2. Incidence.- 3. Etiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 4. Clinical Features and Symptoms of Idiopathic and Symptomatic Diabetes Insipidus.- 5. Special Forms of Diabetes Insipidus.- 6. Primary Polydipsia.- 7. Adipsia, Usually Associated with (Partial) Diabetes Insipidus.- 8. Differential Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 9. Diagnosis of Diabetes Insipidus.- 10. Prognosis and Course.- 11.Therapy.- F. Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (Schwartz-Bartter Syndrome, Oversecretion of Vasopressin).- 1. Symptomatology and Pathogenesis.- 2. Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis.- 3. Course and Therapy.- References.- IV. The Pineal Body and the Circumventricular Organs.- A. Pineal Body.- B. Subcommissural Organ.- References.- V. The Adenohypophysis.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Anatomy.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Gross Anatomy.- 3. Histology.- 4. The Hypothalamo-Adenohypophyseal Connections.- C. Chemistry and Biochemistry.- 1. Prolactin.- 2. Growth Hormone.- 3. Substances with Partial Effects of Growth Hormone.- D. Physiology.- 1 Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone.- 2. Regulation of the Secretion of Growth Hormone.- 3. Interactions of Growth Hormone with Other Hormones.- E. Pituitary Insufficiency, Panhypopituitarism.- 1. Classification.- 2. Occurrence and Incidence.- 3. Etiology and Pathogenesis.- 4. Pathological Anatomy.- 5. Symptoms and Clinical Course.- 6. Differential Diagnosis.- 7. Special Forms.- 8. Course and Prognosis.- 9. Therapy.- F. Hyperfunction of the Adenohypophysis.- 1. Classification.- 2. Syndrome of Galactorrhea and Amenorrhea with Low Gonadotropin Excretion.- 3. Pituitary Gigantism.- 4. Acromegaly.- G. Hormonal-Inactive Pituitary Tumors.- 1. Pathological Anatomy.- 2. Clinical Features.- 3. Therapy.- 4. Diagnosis of the Anterior Pituitary Function.- References.- VI. The Thyroidgland.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy, and Histology.- C. Biochemistry and Physiology.- 1. Chemistry of the Thjroid Hormones.- 2. Hormone Biosynthesis and Release.- 3. State of Thyroid Hormone in Plasma, and Disorders of Hormone Binding Plasma Proteins.- 4. Peripheral Hormone Metabolism, Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine.-5. Mode of Action of Thyroid Hormones.- 6. Control of Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis and Release.- 7. The Thyroid in Relation to Other Endocrine Glands.- 8. Changes of Thyroid Function in Diseases of Other Organs.- D. Hypothyroidism in the Adult.- 1. Classification.- 2. Primary Hypothyroidism.- 3. Secondary Hypothyroidism.- 4. Borderline Hypothyroid States.- 5. Myxedema Coma.- 6. Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism.- 7. Course and Prognosis of Hypothyroidism.- 8. Treatment of Hypothyroidism.- E. Hypothyroidism in Childhood.- 1. Aplastic, Hypoplastic and Ectopic Thyroid Gland.- 2. Acquired Childhood Hypothyroidism.- 3. Genetically Determined Defects of Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis or Action.- 4. Secondary Hypothyroidism in Childhood.- 5. Clinical Features of Childhood Hypothyroidism.- 6. Treatment and Prognosis.- F. Thyrotoxicosis.- 1. Definition, Classification, and Basic Thyroid Hormone Kinetics.- 2. Toxic Diffuse Goiter (Graves' Disease, Basedow's Disease).- 3. Toxic Nodular Goiter (Toxic Adenoma, Plummer's Disease).- 4. Rare Causes of Hyperthyroidism.- G. Endemic Thyroid Disease.- 1. Endemic Euthyroid Goiter.- 2. Endemic Cretinism.- H. Sporadic Euthyroid Goiter.- I. Thyroiditis.- 1. Introduction and Classification.- 2. Acute and Subacute Nonsuppurative Thyroiditis.- 3. Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis.- 4. Chronic Invasive Fibrous Thyroiditis (Riedel's Struma).- 5. Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis.- 6. Chronic Nonsuppurative Thyroiditis due to Specific Infection.- K. Thyroid Neoplasia.- 1. Benign Tumors.- 2. Malignant Thyroid Tumors.- L. Thyroid Function Tests.- 1. Thyroid Hormones in Serum.- 2. Tests of Radioiodine Turnover.- 3. Thyroid Uptake of Pertechnate 99 m Tc.- 4. Tests of Peripheral Thyroid Hormone Effect.- 5. Tests of TSH Secretion.- 6.Tests for Inborn Errors of Iodine Metabolism.- 7. Miscellaneous Tests.- 8. Clinical Indices. Diagnostic Power and Proper Selection of Laboratory Tests.- References.- VII. Adrenal Cortex.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- C. Biochemistry.- 1. Steroid Hormones.- 2. Stereoisomerism and Nomenclature.- 3. The Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 4. The Biosynthesis of the Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 5. Transport of Adreno-cortical Hormones.- 6. Metabolic Breakdown and Excretion of Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 7. Structure of Corticotropin (ACTH) and the Melanotropins (MSH).- D. Physiology.- 1 Biological Effects of Corticotropin.- 2. The Regulation of Adrenal-cortical Hormone Secretion.- 3. Biological Actions of the Adrenal Cortical Hormones.- 4. The General Adaptation Syndrome.- E. Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 1. Classification.- 2. Primary Chronic Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency. Addison's Disease.- 3. Other Forms of Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 4. Differential Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency.- 5. Therapy of Adrenal Insufficiency.- 6. Prognosis of Adrenal Insufficiency.- F. Hyperfunction of the Adrenal Cortex.- 1. Classification.- 2. Mineralcorticoid Excess.- 3. Cushing's Syndrome.- 4. The Adrenogenital Syndrome.- 5. Adrenal Feminization.- G. Assessment of Adrenocortical Function.- 1. Determination of Plasma ACTH.- 2. Determination of Plasma MSH.- 3. Plasma Renin and Angiotensin Assays.- 4. Determination of Steroid Hormones.- 5. Stimulation Tests.- 6. ACTH Suppression Tests with Dexamethasone.- 7. Function Tests for Detection of the Source of Androgens in Hirsutism and Virilization.- 8. Indirect Evaluation of Adrenocortical Function.- References.- VIII. The adrenal medulla.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Histology.- C.Biochemistry.- 1. Chemistry, Site of Formation, Synthesis and Metabolism.- 2. Storage.- 3. Release.- 4. Transport.- 5. Breakdown and Excretion.- D. Pharmacological Influence on Storage, Release and Inactivation of Catecholamines.- E. Physiology of the Adrenal Medullary Hormones.- 1. Actions on Organic Systems.- 2. Action on Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism.- 3. General Action on the Organism.- 4. Regulation of the Secretion of Catecholamines.- 5. Mode of Action and Pharmacological Influence on the Actions.- F. Hypofunction.- 1. Idiopathic Hypoglycemia in Children (MCQUARRIE, ZETTERSTRÖM).- 2. Idiopathic Postural Hypotension.- 3. Familial Dysautonomia.- 4. Adrenal Medullary Insufficiency in Severe Stress.- G. Hyperfunction: Pheochromocytoma.- 1. Incidence.- 2. Localization.- 3. Pathologic Anatomy.- 4. Clinical Picture and Symptoms.- 5. Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma.- 6. Course and Prognosis.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Treatment.- References.- IX. Testis.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology, Gross Anatomy and Histology.- C. Biochemistry.- 1. Androgens.- 2. Estrogens.- D. Physiology.- 1. Site of Production of Testicular Hormones.- 2. Pituitary Control.- 3. Action of Testosterone.- 4. Semen.- E. Hypogonadism in the Male.- 1. Definition.- 2. General Symptoms of Androgenic Failure.- 3. Investigation and Classification.- 4. Different Forms of Male Hypogonadism.- 5. Anti-Androgens ("Chemical Castration").- 6. Differential Diagnosis of Male Hypogonadism.- 7. Therapy.- F. Cryptorchidism (Undescended Testes).- 1. Definition and Incidence.- 2. Etiology.- 3. Consequences of Cryptorchidism.- 4. MORBID ANATOMY.- 5. Incretory and Secretory Function of Undescended Testes.- 6. Examination Technique and Classification.- 7. Treatment.- G. Sterility.- 1. Etiology andPathogenesis.- 2. Diagnosis.- 3. Therapy.- 4. Induced Reversible Sterility.- H. Impotence, Satyrism, Perversion.- I. Gynecomastia.- 1. Pubertal Gynecomastia.- 2. Gynecomastia in Endocrinopathies.- 3. Gynecomastia Produced by Drugs.- 4. Gynecomastia in Nonendocrine Diseases.- 5. Familial Gynecomastia.- 6. Therapy.- K. Syndromes of Testicular Hormonal Overproduction.- 1. Neoplasms of the Testis.- L. Methods of Investigation.- 1.Clinical Signs.- 2.Examination of the Semen.- 3.Testis Biopsy.- 4.Testosterone Estimations and Functional Evaluation of the Hypothalamus- Pituitary-Gonadal-Axis.- References.- X. The Ovary.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Anatomy.- 1. Macroscopic Anatomy.- 2. Embryology and Histology.- C. Physiology of Ovarian Function.- 1. Chemistry and Occurrence.- 2. Biosynthesis.- 3. Production and Plasma Content.- 4. Metabolism and Excretion.- 5. Biological Action.- 6. Methods of Estimation and Standards.- 7. Modes of Administration and General Principles for Adjusting the Doses of Ovarian Hormones.- D. Regulation of Ovarian Function.- 1. Anatomical and Functional Structure of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System.- 2. Releasing (RH) and Inhibitor (IH) Hormones of the Hypothalamus.- 3. Regulation Mechanism.- 4. The Pituitary Gonadotropins.- E. Ovulation.- 1. Influence of Thyroid Gland and Adrenal Cortex on Ovulation.- 2. Proof of Ovulation.- 3. Inhibition of Ovulation.- F. Transition Periods in the Woman.- 1. Puberty and Menarche.- 2. Climacteric and Menopause.- G. Ovarian Dysfunction.- 1. Amenorrhea.- 2. Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding.- 3. Polycystic Ovary.- 4. The Premenstrual Syndrome and Dysmenorrhea.- H. The Sterile Marriage.- 1. Frequency.- 2. Causes.- 3. Methods of Investigation.- 4. Treatment of Female Sterility.- I. Endocrine-Active Ovarian Tumors.- 1. Predominantly Estrogen-Producing Tumors ("Feminizing" Tumors).- 2. Predominantly Androgen-Producing Tumors.- 3. Chorioepithelioma.- 4. Struma Ovarii.- References.- XI. Pregnancy.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Anatomy.- 1. Development and Structure of the Placenta.- 2. Specific Changes of Other Endocrine Glands.- C. Biochemistry of Pregnancy- and Lactation-Regulating Hormones.- 1. Placental Protein Hormones.- 2. Steroid Hormones.- 3. Prolactin.- 4. Oxytocin.- D. Normal Pregnancy.- 1. Hormone Production in the Placenta.- 2. Feto-Placento-Maternal Hormone Exchange.- 3. Function of Other Endocrine Glands during Pregnancy.- 4. Hormonal Effects on the Maternal Organism.- E. Pathology of Pregnancy.- 1. Abortion.- 2. Extra-Uterine Pregnancy.- 3. Toxemias of Pregnancy.- 4. Rhesus Incompatibility.- 5. Multiple Pregnancies.- 6. Prolongation of Pregnancy.- 7. Fetal Malformations.- 8. Hydramnios.- 9. Intra-Uterine Fetal Death.- 10. Hydatidiform Mole and Chorionepithelioma.- 11. Hormonal Control of the Endangered Pregnancy.- F. Hormonal Control of Birth.- 1. Steroid Hormones.- 2. Oxytocin.- 3. Fetal Influences.- G. The Postpartum Period.- 1. The Puerperium.- 2. Lactation.- 3. The Menstrual Cycle.- H. Endocrinological Methods of Investigations during Pregnancy.- 1. Pregnancy Reactions.- 2. Quantitative HCG Estimation.- 3. Methods for Estimating HPL.- 4. Estimation of Estrogens.- 5. Estimation of Pregnanediol.- 6. DHAS Test.- 7. Estimation of Prolactin.- References.- XII. Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (Intersexuality).- A. Definition and Terminology.- B. Embryology.- C. Methods of Investigation.- D. Review and Investigation.- E. Abnormal Gonadal Development.- 1. Turner's Syndrome (Gonadal Dysgenesis).- 2. Male Turner's Syndrome.- 3. Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis.- 4. Asymmetric MixedGonadal Dysgenesis.- 5. XX Men.- 6. True Hermaphroditism.- 7. Agonadism.- F. Abnormal Genital Development in the Presence of Normal Testes (Masculine Pseudohermaphroditism).- 1. Oviduct Persistence.- 2. Disturbances of Testosterone Synthesis.- 3. Testicular Feminization.- 4. Incomplete Testicular Feminization and Similar Syndromes.- 5. Hereditary, Vulviform, Perineal Hypospadias.- G. Abnormal Genital Development in the Presence of Normal Ovaries (Femine Pseudohermaphroditism).- Transplacental Virilization.- H. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.- 1. Intersexual Genital Appearance.- 2. Female Genital Appearance.- 3. Male Genital Appearance.- I. Psychosexuality.- K. Therapy and Choice of Sex.- References.- XIII. THE PANCREAS.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Embryology and Histology.- C. The Islet Cell Apparatus, Metabolic Regulation, and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Energy Exchange and Intermediary Metabolism.- 2. Glucose Metabolism in the Liver.- 3. Chemistry, Synthesis, Biosynthesis, Secretion and Effects of Insulin.- 4. The Acute Metabolic Disorder in Diabetes and Diabetic Coma.- 5. Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Coma.- 6. Treatment of Diabetic Coma.- 7. Pathogenesis and Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 8. The Pathogenesis of Diabetic Angiopathy and Neuropathy.- D. Morphology of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. General.- 2. The Pancreas and the Islets of Langerhans.- 3. Primarily Vascular Concomitant and Subsequent Symptoms (So-Called Late Syndrome).- 4. Other Common Morphological Changes in Diabetes Mellitus.- E. The Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Incidence.- 2. Prevention.- 3. Course of Diabetes Mellitus.- 4. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis.- 5. Prognosis.- 6. Therapy.- 7. Accompanying Symptoms and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus.- 8. Marriage, Pregnancy, and Birth.- 9. Infantile and Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus.- 10. Surgical Procedures in Diabetics.- 11. Special Forms of Diabetes Mellitus.- F. Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus.- 1. Urine Examination for Glucose.- 2. Qualitative Estimation of Ketone Bodies in the Urine.- 3. Methods of Estimating Blood Sugar, and their Use in Diagnosing Diabetes.- G. Hypoglycemia.- 1. Definition.- 2. Symptoms of Hypoglycemia.- 3. Treatment of Hypoglycemic Shock.- 4. General Pathophysiology of Hypoglycemia.- 5. Reactive Hypoglycemia.- 6. Fasting Hypoglycemia.- 7. Hyperinsulinism, B-Islet-Cell Adenoma.- H. Glucagon: The Second Pancreatic Hormone.- 1. Chemistry of Glucagon.- 2. Physiology of Glucagon.- 3. Overproduction of Glucagon.- 4. The Glucagon-Deficiency Syndrome.- References.- XIV. The Parathyroids.- A. Historical Dates.- B. Normal Anatomy and Histology.- C. Physiology and Biochemistry of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism.- 1. Calcium Metabolism.- 2. Phosphate Metabolism.- 3. Bone Metabolism.- 4. Metabolic Bone Disease.- 5. Regulation of the Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism.- 6. Bones, Calcium and Phosphate.- D. Hypoparathyroidism.- 1. Etiology and Pathogenesis.- 2. Symptoms.- 3. Diagnosis.- 4. Differential Diagnosis.- E. Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism.- 1. Clinical Definition.- 2. Pathogenesis.- 3. Hereditary Factors.- F. Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism.- a) General Facts.- b) Treatment of Acute Tetany.- c) Treatment of Chronic Postoperative and Idiopathic Parathyroid Insufficiency.- G. Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- 1. Definition.- 2. Etiology, Incidence and Frequency.- 3. Pathologic Anatomy and Histology.- 4. Pathophysiology.- 5. Clinical Features and Symptoms.- 6. Diagnosis.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Prognosis.- 9.Therapy.- 10. Postoperative Treatment.- 11. Treatment of the Parathyroid Crisis.- H. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.- 1. Definition.- 2. Morbid Anatomy and Histology.- 3. Incidence.- 4. Etiology.- 5. Pathophysiology.- 6. Clinical Features and X-Ray Findings.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Therapy.- 9. Normocalcemic Secondary Hyperparathyroidism.- I. Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.- K. Laboratory Investigations and Function Tests.- 1. Diagnosis of Primary Hyperparathyroidism.- 2. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism.- References.- XV. Tissue hormones.- A. Definition.- B. Polypeptides.- 1 Gastrointestinal Hormones.- 2. Kinins.- 3. Renin-Angiotensin II.- 4. Substance P.- 5. VEM and VDM (Vasoexcitor and Vasodepressor Substances).- 6. Parotin.- C. Glycoprotein: Erythropoietin.- D. Amines.- 1. Serotonin.- E. The Prostaglandins.- References.- XVI. Endocrine Hyperfunctional Syndromes by Ectopic Hormone Formation (Paraneoplastic Syndromes).- A. Definition.- B. Pathogenesis.- References.- XVII. Thymus.- 1. Embryology and Structure.- 2. Thymus and Immune Function.- 3. Thymus and Neuromuscular Function.- 4. Other Thymic Hormones.- References.- XVIII. The Pluriglandular Syndromes.- A. Endocrine Adenomatoses.- 1. Multiple Endocrine Adenomatosis (Endocrine Polyadenomatosis, Familial Multiple Endocrine Adenoma (MEA), Wermer's Syndrome, "Job's Syndrome", Steiner's Multiple Neoplasia, Type I).- 2. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma-Bilateral Pheochromocytoma (Sipple's Syndrome, Steiner's Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type II).- B. Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy (Pluriglandular Insufficiency, Multiple Endocrine Sclerosis, Schmidt's Syndrome).- 1. Definition.- 2. Pathogenesis.- 3. Clinical Features.- C. Syndrome of Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Insipidus, andOptic Atrophy.- References.- XIX. Growth and Development.- A. General Concepts of Growth and Development.- 1. General Factors of Growth.- 2. Body Growth and Growth of the Endocrine Glands.- B. Hormonal Influence on Growth and Bone Development.- 1. Survey.- 2. Hypophyseal Growth Hormone (STH, GH).- 3. Thyroid Hormones.- 4. Insulin and Glucagon.- 5. Adrenocortical Hormones.- 6. Gonadal Hormones.- C. Normal Values for Body Measurements and Development of Bones and Teeth.- 1. Height and Weight.- 2. Body Surface and Dosages for Tolerance Tests.- 3. Body Proportions.- 4. Bone Development.- 5. Prognosis of Puberty and Growth from Body Height and Bone Development.- 6. Dental Development.- 7. Graphic Representation of Growth and Development.- D. Disorders of Growth.- 1. Definition of Dwarfism and Gigantism.- 2. Etiological Classification of Dwarfism.- 3. Dyscerebral and Microcephalic Dwarfism.- 4. Hypocaloric and Psychosocial Dwarfism.- 5. Constitutional Delay of Growth and Development.- 6. Primordial Dwarfism.- 7. Progeria.- 8. Dysmorphic Syndrome with Dwarfism.- 9. Clinical Investigation of Dwarfism.- 10. Prognosis and Treatment of Dwarfism.- 11. Tall Stature and Gigantism.- E. Puberty.- 1. Survey.- 2. External Characteristics and Course.- 3. Hormonal Findings.- 4. Hormonal Dependence of Secondary Sexual Characteristics.- 5. Hypothalamus, Gonadarche, Adrenarche and Puberty.- F. Special Variations of Normal Pubertal Development.- 1. Survey.- 2. Isolated Premature Pubarche.- 3. Isolated Premature Thelarche.- 4. Puberal Gynecomastia.- 5. Generalized Somatic, Psychic and Psychosexual Variations of "Masculinity" and "Feminity".- 6. Prepuberal and Puberal Obesity.- 7. Puberal Emaciation.- G. Precocious Puberty.- 1. Survey.- H. Delayed Puberty.- References.- XX. Fundamentalsof the Hormone Treatment of Nonendocrine Disorders.- A. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinomas of the Breast, Prostate, and Corpus Uteri and of Prostatic Hypertrophy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Features.- 3. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Breast.- 4. Endocrine Therapy of Metastasizing Carcinoma of the Breast in the Male.- 5. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Prostate.- 6. Endocrine Therapy of Carcinoma of the Body of the Uterus.- 7. Endocrine Treatment of Prostatic Hypertrophy.- B. Pharmacological Use of Hormones.- 1. Cortisol and its Derivatives.- 2. Anabolic Therapy.- 3. Progesterone in Respiratory Dysfunction.- 4. Glucagon.- References.