3D User Interfaces

Foreword to the Second Edition xvi
Foreword to the First Edition xviii
Preface to the Second Edition xx
Preface to the First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
About the Authors xxix

PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF 3D USER INTERFACES 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to 3D User Interfaces 3
1.1 What Are 3D User Interfaces? 4
1.2 Why 3D User Interfaces? 4
1.3 Terminology 6
1.4 Application Areas 8
1.5 Conclusion 9
Chapter 2 3D User Interfaces: History and Roadmap 11
2.1 History of 3D UIs 12
2.2 Roadmap to 3D UIs 14
2.3 Scope of this Book 27
2.4 Introduction to Case Studies 27
2.5 Conclusion 30

PART II: HUMAN FACTORS AND HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION BASICS 31
Chapter 3 Human Factors Fundamentals 33
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Information Processing 35
3.3 Perception 41
3.4 Cognition 58
3.5 Physical Ergonomics 66
3.6 Guidelines 74
3.7 Conclusion 75
Recommended Reading 76
Chapter 4 General Principles of Human-Computer Interaction 77
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Understanding the User Experience 80
4.3 Design Principles and Guidelines 95
4.4 Engineering the User Experience 109
4.5 Conclusion 121
Recommended Reading 121

PART III: HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES FOR 3D USER INTERFACES 123
Chapter 5 3D User Interface Output Hardware 125
5.1 Introduction 126
5.2 Visual Displays 127
5.3 Auditory Displays 153
5.4 Haptic Displays 158
5.5 Characterizing Displays by Level of Fidelity 170
5.6 Design Guidelines: Choosing Output Devices for 3D User Interfaces 171
5.7 Case Studies 178
5.8 Conclusion 183
Recommended Reading 183
Chapter 6 3D User Interface Input Hardware 187
6.1 Introduction 188
6.2 Traditional Input Devices 190
6.3 3D Spatial Input Devices 200
6.4 Complementary Input for 3D User Interfaces 226
6.5 Special-Purpose Input Devices 228
6.6 Do It Yourself (DIY) Input Devices 234
6.7 Choosing Input Devices for 3D User Interfaces 238
6.8 Case Studies 244
6.9 Conclusion 247
Recommended Reading 248

PART IV: 3D INTERACTION TECHNIQUES 251
Chapter 7 Selection and Manipulation 255
7.1 Introduction 256
7.2 3D Manipulation Tasks 257
7.3 Classifications for 3D Manipulation 262
7.4 Grasping Metaphors 264
7.5 Pointing Metaphors 273
7.6 Surface Metaphors 280
7.7 Indirect Metaphors 286
7.8 Bimanual Metaphors 297
7.9 Hybrid Metaphors 301
7.10 Other Aspects of 3D Manipulation 303
7.11 Design Guidelines 309
7.12 Case Studies 312
7.13 Conclusion 314
Recommended Reading 315
Chapter 8 Travel 317
8.1 Introduction 318
8.2 3D Travel Tasks 319
8.3 Classifications for 3D Travel 322
8.4 Walking Metaphors 325
8.5 Steering Metaphors 339
8.6 Selection-Based Travel Metaphors 344
8.7 Manipulation-Based Travel Metaphors 349
8.8 Other Aspects of Travel Techniques 353
8.9 Wayfinding in 3D Environments 361
8.10 Design Guidelines 367
8.11 Case Studies 371
8.12 Conclusion 376
Recommended Reading 377
Chapter 9 System Control 379
9.1 Introduction 380
9.2 System Control Issues 381
9.3 Classification 384
9.4 Physical Controllers 384
9.5 Graphical Menus 386
9.6 Voice Commands 396
9.7 Gestural Commands 398
9.8 Tools 404
9.9 Multimodal Techniques 409
9.10 Design Guidelines412
9.11 Case Studies 414
9.12 Conclusion 417
Recommended Reading 417

PART V: DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING 3D USER INTERFACES 419
Chapter 10 Strategies in Designing and Developing 3D User Interfaces 421
10.1 Introduction 422
10.2 Designing for Humans 423
10.3 Inventing 3D User Interfaces 436
10.4 Design Guidelines 447
10.5 Case Studies 451
10.6 Conclusion 454
Recommended Reading 454
Chapter 11 Evaluation of 3D User Interfaces 455
11.1 Introduction 456
11.2 Evaluation Methods for 3D UIs 457
11.3 Evaluation Metrics for 3D UIs 460
11.4 Characteristics of 3D UI Evaluations 463
11.5 Classification of Evaluation Methods 468
11.6 Three Multimethod Approaches 470
11.7 Guidelines for 3D UI Evaluation 487
11.8 Case Studies 489
11.9 Conclusion 493
Recommended Reading 493
Acknowledgment 494

Part VI: THE FUTURE OF 3D INTERFACES 495
Chapter 12 The Future of 3D User Interfaces 497
12.1 User Experience with 3D Displays 498
12.2 3D UI Design 500
12.3 3D UI Development and Evaluation 505
12.4 3D UIs in the Real World 507
12.5 Applications of 3D UIs 509
Bibliography 513
Index 563