Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants

Name: Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants
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Ajay Kumar Livleen Shukla Joginder Singh Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira(Herausgeber*in)

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Erschienen am 4. Juli 2024

464 Seiten

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Beschreibung

Learn the various microbiological aspects one deals with in environment management and the remediation of toxic contaminants in the environment

In recent years, the accumulation of hazardous contaminants has caused a broad-based deterioration in global environmental quality. These have had wide-ranging negative social impacts, affecting climate, soil and water ecosystems, and more. As traditional methods of contaminant mitigation have proven inadequate to the task, microbial-based remediation offers the clearest, most environmentally friendly path forward for this crucial aspect of global environmental stewardship.

Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants offers comprehensive coverage of novel and indigenous microbes and their applications in contaminant mitigation. Surveying all the major microbial products and methods for degrading and remediating hazardous pollutants, it offers a key tool in the fight against global environmental degradation. The result is a cutting-edge introduction to an essential subject.

Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants will also find:

Current and future approaches to microbial degradation
Detailed discussion of biofilms, exopolysaccharides, enzymes, metabolites, and many more
Coverage of metabolic engineering as an alternative strategy

Microbes Based Approaches for the Management of Hazardous Contaminants is ideal for those working in the field for the application of microbes in the remediation of hazardous pollutants and environment management, particularly those interested in environmental sciences, microbiology and microbial technology, environmental biotechnology, and molecular biology.

Ajay Kumar, PhD, is currently working as an assistant professor at Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India.

Livleen Shukla, PhD, is currently working as Principal Scientist at the Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.

Joginder Singh, PhD, is working as a Professor at the Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Nagaland, India.

Luiz Fernando R. Ferreira, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the Catholic University of Brassilia, Brasilia, Brazil, focused on Environmental Engineering, Microbiotechnology, Biotechnology, and Biomedical Engineering.

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Mycobial Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Wastewater
1.1 Fungi
1.2 Nanotechnology Aspects
1.3 The Production of Nanoparticles Using an Origin of Fungi
1.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
1.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles
1.3.3 Additional Nanoparticles
1.4 Categories and Characteristics of Synthesized Nanoparticles
1.4.1 Characteristics on Nanoparticles
1.4.2 Physical Characteristics
1.4.3 Biological Characteristics
1.4.4 Medical Benefits
1.4.5 Mechanical Characteristics
1.4.6 Optical Characteristics
1.4.7 Electrical Characteristics
1.5 Various Usage of Nanomaterials
1.6 Mycobial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Wastewater
1.7 Benefits of Mycobial Bioremediation
1.8 Constraints of Mycobial Bioremediation
1.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 2 Microbial Enzymes in Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants: Mechanisms and Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Mechanism of Microbial Enzymes in Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants
2.1.1.1 Fungi
2.1.1.2 Bacteria
2.1.1.3 Algae
2.1.1.4 Other Microbes
2.1.2 Applications of Microbial Enzymes Mediated Bioremediation
2.1.3 Factors Affecting Enzymatic Biodegradation
2.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Microbe Assisted Remediation of Xenobiotics: A Sustainable Solution
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Sources of Xenobiotics
3.1.2 The Effects of Xenobiotics on Environment
3.1.2.1 Effect of Xenobiotics on Soil
3.1.2.2 Effect of Xenobiotics on Water
3.1.2.3 Effect of Xenobiotics on Plants
3.1.2.4 Effect of Xenobiotics on Marine Life
3.1.2.5 Effect of Xenobiotics on Terrestrial Animals
3.1.2.6 Effect of Xenobiotics on Human Health
3.2 Bioremediation
3.2.1 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
3.3 Environmental Factors
3.3.1 Strategies for Bioremediation
3.3.1.1 In Situ Bioremediation Strategies
3.3.2 Bioventing
3.3.3 Biosparging
3.3.4 Bioaugmentation
3.3.5 Biostimulation
3.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation Strategies
3.4.1 Landfarming
3.4.2 Composting
3.4.3 Biopiling
3.5 Genetic Engineering Approaches
3.6 The Beneficial Role of Microbes in Degradation of Different Pollutants
3.6.1 In Heavy Metal Bioremediation
3.7 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Detoxification by Microbes
3.7.1 Biosorption Mechanisms
3.8 Intracellular Sequestration
3.9 Extracellular Sequestration
3.9.1 Metal Methylation
3.10 Reduction of Heavy Metal Ions by Microbial Cell
3.10.1 In Dye Bioremediation
3.11 The Degradation Mechanism of the Complex Dye Structure by Microbes
3.11.1 In Pesticide Bioremediation
3.11.2 In Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Compound Bioremediation
3.12 In Domestic and Agricultural Lignocellulose Wastes Remediation
3.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Bioremediation Strategies as Sustainable Bio-Tools for Mitigationof Emerging Pollutants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioremediation by Microbial Strains
4.2.1 Aerobic
4.2.2 Anaerobic
4.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation
4.3.1 Principle of Bioremediation
4.4 Classification of Bioremediations
4.4.1 Land Farming
4.4.2 Biopile
4.4.3 Bioreactor
4.4.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation Techniques
4.4.3.2 Intrinsic In Situ Bioremediation
4.4.3.3 Engineered In Situ Bioremediation
4.4.4 Windrows
4.4.5 Bioslurping
4.4.6 Bioventing
4.4.7 Phytoremediation
4.4.8 Biosparging
4.5 Bioremediation of Various Pollutants
4.5.1 Bioremediation for Inorganic Pollutants
4.5.2 Bioremediation for Organic Pollutants
4.6 Recent Advancement and Challenges in Bioremediation
4.6.1 Bioinformatics Approaches in Bioremediation
4.6.2 Bioremediation Tools Based on Omics
4.6.2.1 Transcriptomics and Metatranscriptomics
4.6.2.2 Genomics
4.6.2.3 Proteomics and Metabolomics
4.6.3 Bioremediation Using Nanotechnological Methods
4.6.3.1 Designing the Synthetic Microbial Communities
4.6.3.2 Engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles for Hydrophobic Contaminant Bioremediation
4.6.3.3 Nanotechnology and Microbes
4.6.3.4 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering
4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages
4.8 Conclusion
4.9 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 5 How Can Plant-microbe Interactions be used for the Bioremediation of Metals in Water Bodies?
5.1 Water Contamination Issues
5.2 Metal Contamination Effects
5.3 Metal Bioremediation
5.4 Aquatic Macrophytes in Metal Phytoremediation Processes
5.5 Microorganisms in Metal Remediation
5.5.1 Microorganism Metal Resistance Mechanisms
5.6 Interaction Between Aquatic Macrophytes and Microorganisms
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Extremophilic Microorganisms for Environmental Bioremediation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extremophiles
6.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms Under Extreme Conditions
6.3.1 Acidophilic Microorganisms
6.3.2 Alkaliphilic Microorganisms
6.3.3 Halophilic
6.3.4 Thermophiles
6.3.5 Piezophile Microorganism
6.3.6 Psychrophilic Microorganisms
6.3.7 Radiophiles
6.4 Extremophiles Applications for Environmental Bioremediation
6.4.1 Treatment of Radioactive Waste
6.5 Bioremediation of Petroleum Product
6.5.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Microbial Degradation in Hypersaline Environments
6.5.2 Low-Temperature Environments, Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Occurrence
6.5.3 In High-Temperature Environments, Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
6.5.4 Removal of Heavy Metal Pollutants
6.5.5 Degradation of Organic Pollutants
6.5.6 Wastewater Treatment
6.5.7 Textile Dye Degradation
6.5.8 Bioremediation of Pesticides
6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 7 Bacterial/Fungal Inoculants: Application as Bio Stimulants
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF)
7.1.2 Production of an Iron Chelating Compound
7.1.3 Phytohormone Production
7.1.4 Solubilization of Phosphate (P)
7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
7.2.1 Microbial Inoculants as Pathogens or Parasites
7.2.2 Other than Bacterial/Fungal Inoculants Algal Extracts also Play Important Role
7.2.3 Disruption of Ecosystem Services
7.2.4 World Market for PGPR-Based Biostimulants
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation: Emphasis on Agrochemicals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pollution of Different Matrices by Agrochemicals
8.2.1 Soil
8.2.2 Water
8.2.3 Air
8.3 Different Strategies Employed in Bioremediation
8.3.1 In Situ Biodegradation Strategies
8.3.2 Ex Situ Biodegradation Strategies
8.4 Microbe-Mediated Bioremediation and Recent Advances
8.4.1 Bacterial Bioremediation
8.4.2 Fungal Bioremediation
8.4.3 Microalgae and Diatom-Based Bioremediation
8.5 Novel Enzymes or Genes Involved in Bioremediation of Pollutants
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Porous Nanomaterials for Enzyme Immobilization and Bioremediation Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Enzyme Immobilization
9.3 Model Enzymes With Multifunctional Attributes
9.3.1 Laccases
9.3.3 Peroxidases, i.e., Lignin and Manganese
9.3.4 Horseradish Peroxidases
9.4 Supports for Enzyme Immobilization
9.5 Inorganic Materials as Support Matrices
9.6 Organic Materials as Support Matrices
9.7 Synthetic Polymers as Support Matrices
9.8 Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization
9.9 Porous Nanomaterials as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization
9.10 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization
9.10.1 Stabilization
9.10.2 Recovery and Reusability
9.10.3 Flexibility
9.11 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Supports for Enzyme Immobilization
9.12 Bioremediation Applications of Enzyme Immobilized Porous Nanomaterials
9.13 Future Directions
9.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Effects of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrients and Microorganisms
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Microbial Inoculants and Soil Nutrients
10.3 Influence of Microbial Inoculants on Soil Nutrient Quality
10.3.1 Nitrogen
10.3.1.1 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
10.3.1.2 Nonsymbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
10.3.2 Phosphorous
10.3.3 Potassium
10.3.4 Zinc
10.4 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on Natural Soil Microbial Communities
10.5 Microbial Inoculants: Mechanisms Involved in Affecting the Resident Microbial Community
10.5.1 Competition
10.5.2 Antagonism
10.5.3 Synergism
10.5.4 Indirect Effect Through Root Exudation
10.6 Effect of Monoinoculation Versus Coinoculation
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Bacterial Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters: Applications and Challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Composition and Nature of Various Industrial Wastewater
11.2.1 Types and Sources of Wastewater on the Basis of Wastewater Production
11.2.2 Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater
11.2.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Wastewater
11.2.2.2 Chemical Characteristics of Wastewater
11.2.3 Biological Characteristics of Wastewater
11.3 Role of Bacteria in Biodegradation of Specific Pollutant Found in Wastewater
11.4 Different Approaches and Mechanism of Bacterial Bioremediation in Industrial Wastewater
11.4.1 In-Situ Bioremediation
11.4.1.1 Intrinsic In-SituBioremediation
11.4.1.2 Enhanced In-SituBioremediation
11.4.2 Ex-Situ Bioremediation
11.4.2.1 Bio-Piling
11.4.2.2 Land Farming
11.4.2.3 Composting
11.4.2.4 Biofilters
11.4.3 Bioreactors
11.4.3.1 Microbial Fuel Cells
11.5 Factors Influencing Bacterial Degradation Efficiency
11.5.1 Biological Factors
11.5.1.1 Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity
11.5.1.2 Biofilm Formation
11.5.1.3 Redox Potential of the Bacteria
11.5.2 Environmental Factors
11.5.2.1 Nutrient Availability
11.5.2.2 Aeration/Oxygen Availability
11.5.2.3 Effect of Temperature
11.5.2.4 Effect of pH
11.5.2.5 Effect of Salinity
11.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 12 Sustainable Algal Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Applications and Challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characteristics and Composition of Industrial Wastewater (IWW)
12.3 Perks of Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment (WWT)
12.4 Cultivation System for IWW Treatment
12.4.1 Open Cultivation Systems
12.4.2 Closed Cultivation System for IWW Treatment
12.4.3 Hybrid Cultivation System for IWW Treatment Systems
12.5 Algal Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms
12.5.1 Biosorption
12.5.2 Bioaccumulation
12.5.3 Biodegradation
12.6 Bioremediation of Industrial Effluents
12.6.1 Removal of Heavy Metals
12.6.2 Removal of Pharmaceuticals
12.6.3 Removal of Dyes
12.7 Recovery of Valuable Nutrients
12.7.1 Fertilizers and Biofertilizers
12.7.2 Animal Feed
12.7.3 Biofuel
12.7.4 Bioactive Compounds
12.8 Future Directions and Research Frontiers
12.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Immobilization of Microbial Inoculants for Improving Soil Nutrient Bioavailability
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History of Immobilization
13.3 Support Material Selection
13.4 Support Materials Used for Immobilization of Microbes
13.4.1 Modifications of the Support Material for Immobilization of Microbial Inoculants
13.4.2 Types of Immobilization
13.4.2.1 Adsorption
13.4.2.2 Types of Adsorption
13.4.2.3 Covalent Bonding
13.4.3 Mode of Action of Immobilized Microorganisms in Improving Soil Bioavailability
13.4.4 Characteristics of Immobilized Microorganisms
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Insight Into the Factors Inhibiting the Anammox Process in Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Substrate Inhibition
14.2.1 Ammonium Inhibition
14.2.2 Nitrite Inhibition
14.3 Heavy Metals Inhibition
14.4 Organic Matter Inhibition
14.4.1 Nontoxic Organic Matter Inhibition
14.4.2 Toxic Organic Matter Inhibition
14.4.2.1 Alcohol and Aldehydes
14.4.2.2 Phenols
14.4.2.3 Antibiotics
14.5 Salinity Inhibition
14.6 Microplastic Inhibition
14.7 Nanoparticle (NPs) Inhibition
14.8 Control Strategies
14.8.1 Temperature
14.8.2 pH Control
14.8.3 Nitrogen Loading Rate and Substrate Concentration
14.8.4 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Control
14.8.5 Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Control
14.8.6 Sludge/Biofilm Acclimatization
14.8.7 Addition of Fresh Anammox Sludge
14.9 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 15 Chitinolytic Microbes for Pest Management in Organic Agriculture: : Challenges and Strategies
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Alternatives to Agrochemicals in Organic Agriculture for Pest Management
15.2.1 Climate-Friendly Practices
15.2.2 Use of Microbial Enzymes
15.2.3 Use of Biocontrol and Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms
15.3 Pest Management in Organic Agriculture Using Chitinolytic Microbial Agents
15.4 Challenges Associated With the Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms
15.4.1 Challenges Associated With the Formulations and Delivery Systems of Chitinolytic Microorganisms
15.4.2 Challenges Associated With Integration With Other Pest Management Strategies
15.4.3 Environmental Challenges
15.4.4 Other Challenges
15.5 Strategies for Sustainable Use of Chitinolytic Microorganisms in Organic Agriculture
15.5.1 Development of Novel Formulations and Delivery Systems
15.5.2 Integration With Other Pest Management Strategies
15.5.3 Importance of Education and Training
15.6 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16 Microbial Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: Approaches and Advancements
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sources and Effects of Heavy Metals
16.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation
16.4 Approaches for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Through Microbial Processes: An Introduction
16.4.1 Biostimulation
16.4.2 Bioattenuation
16.4.3 Bioaugmentation
16.4.4 Bioventing
16.4.5 Biopiles
16.5 Approaches for the Bioremediation of Radionuclide
16.5.1 Bioreduction
16.5.2 Biosorption
16.5.3 Bioaccumulation
16.5.4 Bioremediation's Benefits and Drawbacks
16.6 Novel Technologies in Bioremediation
16.6.1 Genetic Engineering
16.6.2 Nanotechnology
16.6.3 Metagenomics
16.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 Chapter Role of Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation: Current Perspectives
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Formation of Biofilm
17.2.1 Reversible Adhesion
17.2.2 Irreversible Adhesion
17.2.3 Formation of Biofilm Matrix
17.2.4 Biofilm Maturation and Diffusion
17.3 Microbes Forming Biofilm
17.3.1 Bacteria
17.3.2 Algae
17.3.3 Fungi
17.4 Biofilms in Bioremediation
17.4.1 Biofilms in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Remediation
17.4.2 Biofilms in Chlorinated Compounds Remediation
17.4.3 Biofilms in Petroleum Remediation
17.4.4 Biofilms in Heavy Metals Remediation
17.4.5 Other Applications
17.5 Emerging Opportunities
17.6 Challenges in Bioremediation Using Biofilms
17.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Green Nanoparticles for Textile Wastewater Treatment: The Current Insights
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sources and Composition of Textile Wastewater
18.3 Environmental Effects of Textile Wastewater
18.4 Nanotechnology in Environmental Pollution Remediation
18.5 Types of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles Used in the Treatment of Textile Wastewater
18.6 Green Synthesis Methods
18.6.1 Plant Synthesis of Nanoparticles
18.6.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
18.6.3 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Using Biodegradable Polymers
18.6.4 Characterization of Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles
18.7 Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Different Process
18.7.1 Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Adsorption Process
18.7.2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Textile Wastewater
18.7.3 Filtration and Membrane Processes
18.8 Degradation of Dyes by Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
18.9 Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater
18.10 Toxicity and Safety Considerations for the Treatment of Textile Wastewater Using Green Synthesized Nanoparticles
18.11 Cost-effectiveness
18.12 Challenges and Limitations
18.12.1 Long-Term Environmental Impact
18.12.2 Scalability and Commercial Viability
18.13 Future Trends and Research Directions
18.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Microbial Inoculants: Application in the Management of Metal Stress
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Microbial Inoculants
19.2.1 Bacterial Inoculants
19.2.2 Fungal Inoculants
19.2.3 Algal Inoculants
19.2.4 Archaeal Inoculants
19.3 Factors Influencing Microbial Inoculants' Efficacy
19.4 Sources of Heavy Metals
19.4.1 Natural Sources
19.4.2 Anthropogenic Sources
19.4.3 Electronic Waste (e-Waste) Generating Heavy Metals
19.5 Effects of Heavy Metals
19.5.1 Plants
19.5.2 Microorganisms
19.5.3 Human Health
19.6 Microbial Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance and Remediation
19.6.1 Biosorption
19.6.2 Bioaccumulation
19.6.3 Biomineralization
19.6.4 Enzymatic Transformations
19.6.5 Chelation and Complexation
19.7 Other Remediation Approaches
19.7.1 Phytoremediation
19.7.2 Rhizoremediation
19.7.3 Chemical Precipitation
19.7.4 Ion Exchange
19.7.5 Electrokinetic Remediation
19.7.6 Soil Washing
19.7.7 Nanotechnology
19.7.8 Constructed Wetlands
19.8 Metal Remediation in Co-contaminated Soils
19.9 Concomitant Strategies for Metal Stress Management
19.9.1 Biosurfactant-Based Metal Remediation
19.9.2 Biofilms-Based Metal Remediation
19.9.3 Chemotaxis-Based Metal Remediation
19.9.4 Melanin-Based Metal Remediation
19.10 Challenges, Impending Visions, and Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Harnessing In Silico Techniques for Bioremediation Solutions
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Emergence of In Silico Approaches
20.3 Genome-Scale Models
20.4 Molecular Modeling
20.5 QSAR Models
20.6 Metabolic Modeling for Engineering Microbes
20.7 Development of In Silico Platforms for Bioremediation Research
20.8 Challenges and Limitations
20.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Microbial Inoculants and Their Potential Application in Bioremediation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Overview of Bioremediation
21.2.1 Definition and Principle
21.2.2 Types of Bioremediation
21.2.3 Advantages and Challenges
21.3 Microbial Inoculants: Concept and Types
21.3.1 Microbes Used as Bioremediation Drivers
21.3.2 Types of Microbial Inoculants
21.3.3 Selection Criteria of Microbial Inoculants
21.4 Mode of Action of Microbial Inoculants in Bioremediation
21.4.1 Biosorption
21.4.2 Bioleaching
21.4.3 Bioprecipitation
21.4.4 Bioaccumulation
21.4.5 Biotransformation
21.5 Applications of Microbial Inoculants
21.6 Process Optimization for Enhanced Bioremediation
21.6.1 Optimization of Microbial Inoculants and Environmental Parameters
21.6.2 Genetic Modification in Microbial Inoculants
21.7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Microbial Inoculants
21.8 Ecological Consequences
21.8.1 Disruption of Indigenous Microbial Communities
21.8.2 Shift in Microbial Community Structure
21.8.3 Gene Transfer and Modification
21.8.4 Ecological Niche Alteration
21.8.5 Potency for Unintended Effects
21.9 Assessment and Implementation of Microbial Inoculants
21.10 Case Studies and Success of Restoration Efforts
21.10.1 Oil Spill Remediation
21.10.2 Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites
21.10.3 Pesticide and Herbicide Degradation
21.10.4 Industrial Waste Treatment
21.11 Conclusion
21.12 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 22 Microbial Inoculant Approaches for Disease Management
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Approaches of Various Microbial Inoculants for Controlling the Economically Important Disease
22.2.1 Fungi
22.2.2 Competition
22.2.3 Parasitism
22.2.4 Antibiosis
22.2.5 Bacteria
22.2.6 Nematode
22.2.7 Virus
22.2.8 Transgenic Micro-Organisms
22.3 Central Role of Micro Organisms to Induced the Innate Immunity
22.3.1 ISR Induction
22.3.2 Role of Antioxidant Against Plant Pathogens
22.4 Synthetic Microbial Communities in Plant Disease Management
22.5 Recent Trends of Biocontrol Agent
22.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Impact of Microbial Inoculants on the Secondary Metabolites Production of Medicinal Plants
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Phytochemicals and Their Classification
23.3 General Mechanism of Microbial Inoculants-Induced Production of Secondary Compounds
23.4 Determinants of Secondary Phytochemical Synthesis
23.5 Ideal Characteristics of Microbial Inoculants
23.6 Fungi
23.7 Mechanism of Fungal Elicitors
23.7.1 Bacteria
23.7.2 Algae
23.7.3 Yeast
23.7.4 Virus
23.8 Advantages of Microbial Inoculants over Chemical Inoculants for Metabolite Production
23.9 Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites
23.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Bioremediation of High Molecular Weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Sources, Pollution, and Exposure Routes
24.3 Biodegradation Pathways
24.3.1 Algae, Co-Culture
24.3.2 Fungi
24.3.3 Bioremediation Strategies
24.3.4 Factors Influencing Bioremediation
24.3.5 Emerging Technologies
24.4 Challenges and Future Directions
List of Abbreviations
References
Chapter 25 Microbial Indicators for Monitoring Pollution and Bioremediation
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Microbial Indicators for Air Pollution
25.1.2 Microbial Indicators for Terrestrial and Aquatic Pollution
25.1.3 Microbial Indicators
25.1.4 Bio-Indicators of Bacterial Origin
25.1.5 Fungal Indicators
25.1.6 Algal Indicators
25.1.7 Microbial Indicators for Bioremediation
25.2 Biosensors for Microbial Remediation
25.2.1 Biosensors Based on Nucleic Acid
25.2.2 Transcription Factor-Based Biosensors
25.2.3 Biosensors Based on Transcription-Independent Protein
References
Chapter 26 PGPRs: Toward a Better Greener Future in Sustainable Agriculture
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Brief Introduction of PGPRs
26.3 Role of PGPRs
26.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation
26.3.2 Phosphate Solubilization
26.3.3 Chelation of Nutrients
26.3.4 Prevent Nutrient Losses
26.3.5 Improve Crop Quality
26.3.6 Plant Hormones Regulation
26.3.7 Soil Heath Improvement
26.3.8 Environmental Protection
26.4 Social and Economic Impact of PGPRs
26.5 Challenges, Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 Role of MATE Transporters in Xenobiotics Tolerance
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Degradation and Management of Xenobiotics
27.3 Role of MATE in Xenobiotics' Extrusion and Metabolism
27.4 OMIC-Based Analysis for Xenobiotics Degradation and Metabolism
27.5 Conclusive Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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