When the first green wave appeared in the mid and late 1960s, it was considered a fea sible task to solve pollution problems. The visible problems were mostly limited to point sources, and a comprehensive "end of the pipe technology" (= environmental technology) was available. It was even seriously discussed in the US that what was called "zero dis charge" could be attained by 1985. It became clear in the early 1970S that zero discharge would be too expensive, and that we should also rely on the self purification ability of ecosystems. That called for the development of environmental and ecological models to assess the self purifica tion capacity of ecosystems and to set up emission standards, considering the rela tionship between impacts and effects in the ecosystems. This idea is illustrated in Fig. 0.1. A model is used to relate an emission to its effect on the ecosystem and its components. The relationship is applied to select a good solution to environmental problems by application of environmental technology.
Rezensionen / Stimmen
From the reviews of the second edition:
"This new, expanded edition of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment . comprises 34 chapters from internationally recognized specialists in environmental science and risk assessment, providing a unique collection of integrated scientific knowledge. . This book effectively brings together all the major themes pertinent to the environmental risk assessment of drugs. . For scientists and regulators interested in synthetic chemicals in the environment, this is a highly valuable text and is reasonably priced for such a well-produced book." (Tom Hutchinson, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 71 (4), March, 2005)
Auflage
Sprache
Verlagsort
Verlagsgruppe
Illustrationen
68
68 s/w Abbildungen
XXXI, 527 p. 68 illus.
ISBN-13
978-3-662-09259-0 (9783662092590)
DOI
10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0
Schweitzer Klassifikation
1 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Scope of the Book and Introduction.- 2 Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate.- 3 Emissions from Medical Care Units.- 4 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Changes in the Presence and Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Italy.- 5 Environmental Exposure of Antibiotics in Wastewaters, Sewage Sludges and Surface Waters in Switzerland.- 6 Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment.- 7 Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review.- 8 Strategies for Selecting Pharmaceuticals to Assess Attenuation During Indirect Potable Water Reuse.- 9 Residues of Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in the Aquatic Environment and their Elimination in Sewage Treatment and Drinking Water Production.- 10 Drugs in Municipal Landfills and Landfill Leachates.- 11 Antibiotics in Soil: Routes of Entry, Environmental Concentrations, Fate and Possible Effects.- 12 Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States.- 13 Use and Environmental Occurrence of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in United States Agriculture.- 14 Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils.- 15 Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate.- 16 Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates - The Example of Carbamazepine and Clofibric Acid.- 17 What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?.- 18 Resistance in the Environment.- 19 Effects of Ethinyloestradiol and Methyltestosterone in Prosobranch Snails.- 20 Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment.- 21 Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in the European Union, Canada and United States.- 22 Environmental Risk Assessment ofPharmaceuticals in the EU - A Regulatory Perspective.- 23 The ECO-SHADOW Concept - A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials.- 24 A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I - Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data.- 25 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals Il - Aquatic Risk Characterisation.- 26 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals Ill - Indirect Human Exposure.- 27 Plasma Concentrations of Human Pharmaceuticals as Predictors of Pharmacological Responses in Fish.- 28 Using (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships in Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment.- 29 Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration.- 30 Potential Environmental Risks by Cleaning Hair and Skin Eco-Label - A Possibility to Reduce Exposure to Personal Care Products.- 31 Risks Related to the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Further Research Is Needed.- 32 Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products - Research Challenges.- 33 PPCPs in the Environment: Future Research - Beginning with the End Always in Mind.- 34 Conclusion.
