1 Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment.- I Emission, Occurrence, Fate and Effects.- 2 Effects on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - an Overview and Principle Considerations.- 3 Environmental Loads and Detection of Pharmaceuticals in Italy.- 4 Emission and Biodegradability of Pharmaceuticals, Contrast Media, Disinfectants and AOX from Hospitals.- 5 Emissions from Clinical-Chemical Laboratories.- 6 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Focus on 17?-ethinyloestradiol.- 7 What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?.- 8 Antibiotics in the Environment: Zinc Bacitracin - Environmental Toxicity and Breakdown.- 9 Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment and their Significance for Drinking Water Production.- 10 Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate.- II Risk Assessment.- 11 Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment.- 12 Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals.- 13 Worst-Case Estimations of Predicted Environmental Soil Concentrations (PEC) of Selected Veterinary Antibiotics and Residues Used in Danish Agriculture.- 14 Regulatory and Methodological Aspects Concerning the Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Need for Research.- 15 A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I - Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data.- 16 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals II - Aquatic Risk Characterisation.- 17 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III - Indirect Human Exposure.- 18 The ECO-SHADOW Concept - A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials.- III Perspectives.- 19 Present Knowledge and Need for Further Research.
