Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering

Name: Bioelectrochemical Interface Engineering
Brand: Polity
Price: 211.99 EUR
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R. Navanietha Krishnaraj Rajesh K. Sani(Herausgeber*in)

Polity (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 2. September 2019

560 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Electrochemical Performance Analyses of Biofilms
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Electrochemical Principles
1.2.1 Electrochemical Cells
1.2.2 Nernst Equation and Equilibrium Constant
1.2.3 For an Electrochemical Cell
1.2.4 Faradic and Nonfaradic Currents
1.2.4.1 Faradic Current
1.2.4.2 Nonfaradaic Current
1.3 Cyclic Voltammetry
1.3.1 Working Principle and Instrumentation
1.3.2 Cyclic Voltammetry and Data Interpretation
1.3.2.1 R eversible Process
1.3.2.2 Irreversible Process
1.3.2.3 Quasi-Reversible Electron Transfer Process
1.3.2.4 Special Case
1.3.3 Applications of CV
1.3.3.1 Case Study 1
1.3.3.2 Case Study 2
1.3.3.3 Case Study 3
1.3.4 Related Methods
1.3.4.1 Amperometry
1.3.4.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
1.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
1.4.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
1.4.1.1 Direct Current and Alternating Current
1.4.1.2 Resistance and Impedance
1.4.1.3 AC Impedance Theory
1.4.1.4 Electrical Circuit Elements
1.4.1.5 Graphical Representation of AC Impedance Spectroscopy Data
1.4.2 Equivalent Circuit Elements and Electrochemistry
1.4.2.1 Electrolyte Resistance
1.4.2.2 Double-layer Capacitance and Pseudocapacitance
1.4.2.3 Charge Transfer Resistance
1.4.2.4 Diffusion
1.4.2.5 Constant Phase Element (CPE)
1.4.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuits Commonly Used for Biological Systems
1.4.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model 1
1.4.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Model 2
1.4.3.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 3
1.4.3.4 Equivalent Circuit Model 4
1.4.3.5 Equivalent Circuit Model 5
1.4.3.6 Equivalent Circuit Model 6
1.4.3.7 Equivalent Circuit Model 7
1.5 Electrochemical Noise (ECN) Technique
1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Mathematical Background
1.5.2.1 Shot Noise Parameters
1.5.3 Application of ECN to Detect Microbial Corrosion
1.5.3.1 Case Study
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 2 Direct Electron Transfer in Redox Enzymes and Microorganisms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wiring Enzymes to the Electrode Surface
2.2.1 Glucose Oxidase
2.2.2 Multicopper Oxidases
2.2.3 Iron-containing Enzymes
2.2.4 Cytochrome P450 in Human Liver Microsomes
2.2.5 Iron/Copper-containing Enzymes
2.2.6 Cellobiose Dehydrogenase
2.2.7 Molybdenum Enzymes
2.2.8 Xanthine Dehydrogenase
2.2.9 Dimethylsulfoxide Reductase
2.2.10 Mo-Fe Protein
2.2.11 Fructose Dehydrogenase (FDH)
2.2.12 Tungsten-containing Formate Dehydrogenase
2.3 Wiring Microorganisms to the Electrode Surface
2.3.1 Electroactive Bacterium and Electrodes
2.3.2 Electricity-producing Bacteria
2.3.3 Electron Transfer in Microbial Fuel Cells
2.3.4 Mediated Electron Transfer
2.3.5 Direct Electron Transfer
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 3 Electrochemical Techniques and Applications to Characterize Single- and Multicellular Electric Microbial Functions
3.1 Introduction to Microbial Electrochemical Functions and Processes
3.1.1 Microbes Capable of Exchanging Electrons with Extracellular Solid Surfaces
3.1.2 Targets for Whole-cell Techniques
3.2 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Single-cell Processes
3.2.1 Interfacial and Metabolic Current (Amperometry and Voltammetry Techniques)
3.2.1.1 Single-potential Amperometry
3.2.1.2 Cyclic Voltammetry
3.2.1.3 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
3.2.1.4 Linear Sweep Voltammetry
3.2.2 Microscopy-combined Electrochemical Techniques
3.2.2.1 Electron Transport Processes
3.2.2.2 Metabolic Processes
3.2.3 Spectroelectrochemistry
3.3 Electrochemical Techniques Related to Biofilm Processes
3.3.1 Use of IDA in a Bipotentiostat System
3.3.2 Electron-hopping Mechanism Across the Electroactive Sites
3.3.3 Metallic-like Conductivity Mechanism
3.4 Techniques to Analyze Nanowires
3.4.1 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
3.4.1.1 Working Principal of AFM
3.4.1.2 AFM Studies for Nanowires
3.4.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
3.4.2.1 Working Principle of STM
3.4.2.2 STM for the Nanowire
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 4 Electrochemical Analysis of Single Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Single-cell Analysis Applications and Current Technologies
4.2.1 Genomics
4.2.1.1 Techniques
4.2.1.2 Applications
4.2.2 Transcriptomics
4.2.2.1 Techniques
4.2.2.2 Applications
4.2.3 Proteomics
4.2.3.1 Techniques
4.2.3.2 Applications
4.2.4 Metabolomics
4.2.4.1 Techniques
4.2.4.2 Applications
4.3 Electrochemical Methods for Single-cell Analysis
4.3.1 Micro and Nanofabrication for Intracellular Analysis Within Biological Systems
4.3.1.1 Strategies for Fabricating Nanoelectrodes
4.3.1.2 Adapting Nanoelectrodes
4.3.1.3 Microfluidics
4.3.2 Electrochemical Microscopy with Advanced Resolution Imaging
4.3.2.1 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
4.3.2.2 Scanning Ion Conductive Microscopy (SICM)
4.3.2.3 Nanopipettes in SECM and SICM
4.3.2.4 Electrochemical Measurement of Intracellular Components Within
4.4 Microelectrodes for Single-cell Analysis
4.4.1 Fabrication Methods for 2D and 3D Microelectrodes
4.4.2 Cellular Applications
4.4.2.1 Neuron Transmitters and Signaling
4.4.2.2 Cell Expression Monitoring
4.4.2.3 Patch Clamps
4.4.2.4 Possible Issues for Capturing Single Cells on Electrode Surfaces
4.4.2.5 Measurement Variability
4.5 Electroluminescence-based Single-cell Measurements
4.6 Lab-on-chip-based Single-cell Analysis
4.6.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
4.7 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 5 Biocorrosion
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Uniform Corrosion
5.1.2 Galvanic Corrosion
5.1.3 Crevice Corrosion
5.1.4 Pitting Corrosion
5.1.5 Intergranular Corrosion
5.1.6 Erosion Corrosion
5.1.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking
5.1.8 Biocorrosion
5.2 Microorganisms Involved in Corrosion
5.2.1 Sulfate-reducing Bacteria (SRB)
5.2.2 Sulfate-oxidizing Bacteria (SOB)
5.2.3 Iron-oxidizing Bacteria (IOB)
5.2.4 Acid-producing Bacteria (APB)
5.2.5 Slime-forming Bacteria
5.3 Mechanisms
5.3.1 Differential Concentration Cells
5.3.2 Cathodic Depolarization
5.3.3 Galvanic Cells
5.3.4 Corrosive Metabolic Products
5.3.5 Extracellular Electron Transfer
5.4 Biocorrosion Control Strategies
5.4.1 Pigging
5.4.2 Biocides
5.4.2.1 Oxidizing Biocides
5.4.2.2 Non-oxidizing Biocides
5.5 Materials Vulnerable to Biocorrosion
5.6 Biocorrosion of Biomedical Implants
5.7 Biocorrosion Detection Techniques
5.7.1 Weight Loss Method
5.7.2 Potentiodynamic Polarization
5.7.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 6 Microbial Fuel Cells : A Sustainable Technology for Pollutant Removal and Power Generation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
6.2.1 A Brief History
6.2.2 Operating Principles
6.2.3 Electrogens in MFCs
6.2.3.1 Direct Electron Transfer
6.2.3.2 Mediated Electron Transfer
6.2.4 Applications
6.3 Measuring Performance
6.3.1 Voltage Generation
6.3.2 Pollutant Treatment
6.3.3 Internal Resistance
6.3.3.1 Polarization
6.3.3.2 Current Interrupt Technique
6.3.3.3 E lectrochemical Methods
6.3.4 Electrochemical Analysis
6.4 MFC Configuration
6.5 Materials
6.5.1 Anode
6.5.2 Cathode
6.5.3 Catholyte
6.5.4 Separator
6.5.5 Current Collectors
6.5.6 Load
6.6 Limitations in MFCs
6.6.1 Limited Power Generation
6.6.2 Methanogenesis
6.6.3 Substrate and Oxygen Diffusion
6.6.4 Sedimentation of Microorganisms
6.7 Other MFC-based Technologies
6.7.1 Sediment MFCs
6.7.2 Body Fluid Batteries
6.7.3 Toxicity Sensors
6.7.4 Identification and Quantification of Microorganisms
6.7.5 Analyte Sensors
6.7.6 MFC as a BOD Sensor
6.8 Pilot-scale MFCs
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 7 Biophotovoltaics: Molecular Mechanisms and Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Photocurrent Generation with Biological Catalysts
7.3 Photosynthetic Microbes as Photobioelectrocatalysts in BESs
7.4 Biocatalysts of Photosynthetic Organisms
7.4.1 Photosynthetic Reaction Centers (PRCs)
7.4.2 Photosystem II
7.4.3 Photosystem I
7.5 Electron Transfer in Microalgae During Photosynthesis (Light Reaction)
7.5.1 Light Reaction and Photophosphorylation in Microalgae
7.5.2 Components of Light Reaction
7.5.3 Photon-Electron Conversion in Microalgae
7.5.4 The Dark Reaction in Microalgae
7.5.4.1 Carbon Assimilation
7.5.4.2 Photorespiration
7.5.4.3 Reactions of the Calvin-Benson Cycle
7.6 Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria
7.6.1 Electron Transport Mechanisms along e-Pili
7.6.2 e-Pili as Maintainable Electronic Materials
7.7 Electron Transfer Mechanisms of Cyanobacteria
7.8 Models of Solar Energy Conversion Devices
7.8.1 Microbial Solar Cells (MSCs)
7.8.2 Photosynthetic Bacteria in Solar Cells
7.8.3 Fuel Cell-Solar Cell Hybrids
7.9 Applications and Future Perspectives
7.10 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 8 An Insight into Plant Microbial Fuel Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different Types of Plants and Their Bioelectricity Generation Capabilities
8.3 Bioprocess Structure
8.3.1 Electron Transfer Mechanisms
8.3.1.1 Direct Electron Transfer (DET )
8.3.1.2 Indirect Electron Transfer (IET )
8.3.1.3 DET via Conductive Pili in a Biofilm Matrix
8.3.2 Microbial Community
8.3.3 Soil Characteristics
8.4 Variation in PMFC Types, Operating Conditions, Design, Electrodes, and Membranes Used
8.5 PMFCs as New Electricity Generation Technology
8.6 Challenges of PMFCs
8.7 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 9 Electroanalytical Techniques for Investigating Biofilms in Microbial Fuel Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conventional Biofilm Investigation Techniques
9.3 Electroanalytical Techniques
9.3.1 Reactor Startup
9.3.2 Indicators of Electrochemical Performance and Power Generation Measurements
9.4 Electrode Polarization
9.5 Voltammetry (LSV)
9.5.1 Square-wave Voltammetry
9.5.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
9.5.3 Chronoamperometry
9.5.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
9.5.5 Influence of Microbial Biofilm on Anode Impedance
9.5.6 Biofilm Development and Double-layer Capacitance
9.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
9.7 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (e-QCM)
9.7.1 Limitations and Future Prospects of Electrochemical Techniques
9.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 10 Progress in Development of Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrode Materials in MFCs
10.2.1 Anode Materials
10.2.1.1 Carbon-based Materials
10.2.1.2 Metals and Alloys Electrodes
10.2.1.3 Metal Oxides and Their Nanocomposites
10.2.1.4 Nanostructured Materials
10.2.1.5 Conducting Polymers and Their Composites
10.2.2 Cathode Materials
10.2.2.1 Carbon-based Cathodes
10.2.2.2 Non-carbon-based Cathodes
10.3 Effect of Surface Treatment on Electrodes
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 11 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve Electron Transfer Rateat the Microbe-Anode Interface in Microbial Fuel Cells
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Extracellular Electron Transfer (EET) Mechanisms from the Microbe to the Anode
11.2.1 Direct EET
11.2.1.1 Direct EET Mechanisms in Geobacter
11.2.1.2 Direct and Indirect EET Mechanisms in Shewanella
11.2.2 Indirect ET
11.2.2.1 Indirect EET Mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
11.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Improve the EET Rate from Microbes to Anode
11.3.1 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Optimize Current Generation by Geobacter
11.3.2 Expression of OmcS from G. sulfurreducens into Synechococcus elongatus
11.3.3 Synthetic Biology Strategies to Optimize Current Generation by Shewanella
11.3.3.1 The Disruption of uvrY and SpeF in S. oneidensis
11.3.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by E. coli
11.3.5 Improving Phenazines Production to Augment Current with P. aeruginosa
11.3.5.1 Improving Biofilm Formation by P. aeruginosa for Current Production
11.3.5.2 Augmenting Intracellular NADH/NAD+ in P. aeruginosa
11.4 Synthetic Biology to Optimize Current Generation by Yeast
11.4.1 Surface Display of Redox Enzymes with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
11.5 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 12 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs): A Promising and Green Approach for Bioenergy and Biochemical Production from Waste Resources
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of MEC Technology
12.2.1 Operating Principles of an MEC
12.2.2 Thermodynamics in MECs
12.2.3 Electron Transfer Mechanism in the MEC
12.3 Crucial Factors Governing the Performance of MECs
12.3.1 Microorganisms in MECs
12.3.2 Effect of Anode Electrode Materials
12.3.3 Effects of Cathode Electrode Materials or Catalysts
12.3.4 Types of Membranes or Separators
12.3.5 Reactor Configuration and Physicochemical Properties of Electrodes
12.3.6 Substrate Types, Concentration, and Loading
12.3.7 Operating Conditions and Parameters
12.4 Current Applications of MECs
12.4.1 Production of H2, CH4, and Other Biochemicals in MECs
12.4.2 Domestic and Industrial Wastewater and Waste Treatment
12.4.3 Heavy Metal Removal and Nutrient/Aminum Recovery in MECs
12.4.4 Potential Industrial or Pilot-scale Applications of MECs
12.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 13 Microbial Desalination Cells
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Overview of Desalination Cells
13.2.1 Background
13.2.2 Various Designs and Configurations of Desalination Cells
13.2.2.1 MSF Desalination
13.2.2.2 Solar Still Distillation
13.2.2.3 Multi-effect Distillation (MED)
13.2.2.4 Membrane Desalination Process
13.2.2.5 Microbial Desalination Cells
13.3 MDC Applications and Concepts
13.3.1 Applications of MDCs
13.3.2 Role of Microbes in MDCs
13.3.3 Electron-conductive Substances
13.4 Desalination in MDCs
13.4.1 Mechanism
13.4.2 Factors Affecting MDC Optimization
13.5 Different Configurations of MDCs
13.5.1 Air Cathode MDCs
13.5.2 Biocathode MDCs
13.5.3 Stacked MDCs
13.5.4 Recirculation MDCs
13.5.5 Microbial Electrolysis Desalination and Chemical Production Cells (MEDCs)
13.5.6 Capacitive MDCs (cMDCs)
13.5.7 Upflow MDCs (UMDCs)
13.5.8 Osmotic MDCs
13.5.9 BPM MDCs
13.5.10 Decoupled MDCs
13.5.11 Separator Coupled Stacked Circulation MDC (c-SMDC-S)
13.5.12 Ion Exchange Resin-Coupled MDCs
13.6 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Take-home Message
Chapter 14 Microbially Charged Redox Flow Batteries for Bioenergy Storage
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Redox Flow Batteries
14.2.1 Main Characteristics and Principles
14.2.2 General Performance of RFBs
14.2.3 Types of RFBs
14.3 Organic Compounds for RFBs
14.4 Coupling RFBs with Renewable Energy Production Technologies
14.4.1 Coupling RFBs with Solar Energy Technology
14.4.2 Coupling RFBs with Enzymatic Systems
14.4.3 BESs and First Research in Energy Storage
14.4.4 Microbially Charged RFCs
14.5 Future Perspectives
14.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 15 Artificial Photosynthesis: Current Advances and Challenges
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basic Principles of Natural Photosynthesis
15.2.1 Structural and Functional Features of Photosystems
15.2.2 Photosynthetic Water-splitting Reaction
15.2.3 Photosynthetic Reductive Chemistry
15.3 Artificial Photosynthetic Systems
15.3.1 Synthetic Photoanodes, Water-splitting Catalysts, and Their Interfacing
15.3.2 Synthetic Photocathodes, Hydrogen Production and CO2-Reduction Catalysts, and Their Interfacing
15.3.3 Biophotoelectrodes Using Natural Photosynthetic Catalysts and Light-harvesting Systems
15.4 Strategies for Improvement of Photoelectrode Performance
15.4.1 Plasmonic Enhancement of Fluorescence and Absorption
15.5 Operational Dye-sensitized Solar Cells and Solar-to-Fuel Devices
15.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Abbreviations
Test Yourself
Chapter 16 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Production of Valuable Compounds
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 The Microbial Catalysts
16.1.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms Between Electrodes and Electrotrophs
16.1.2.1 Direct Electron Transfer
16.1.2.2 Mediated Electron Transfer
16.2 From Electricity to Product
16.2.1 Bioelectrofermentation-based Systems
16.2.1.1 EF of Glycerol
16.2.1.2 EF for Hydrogen Production
16.2.2 Bioelectrosynthesis-based Systems
16.2.2.1 CO2 to Methane
16.2.2.2 CO2 to Organic Acids
16.2.2.3 CO2 to Alcohols
16.2.2.4 CO2 to Bioplastics
16.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 17 Modernization of Biosensing Strategies for the Development of Lab-on-Chip Integrated Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Biosensors
17.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
17.2.1.1 Conductometric
17.2.1.2 Impedimetric
17.2.1.3 Amperometric
17.2.1.4 Potentiometric
17.2.2 Optical Biosensor
17.2.3 Mass-based Biosensors
17.2.4 Biorecognition Elements
17.2.4.1 Enzyme-based Sensors
17.2.4.2 DNA and RNA-based Sensors
17.2.4.3 Antibody-based Sensors
17.2.4.4 Phage and Biometric-based Sensors
17.3 Lab-on-Chip Technologies
17.3.1 Microfluidic-based LOC Systems
17.3.1.1 Polydimethylsiloxane LOC
17.3.1.2 Glass and Thermopolymers LOC
17.3.1.3 Silicon and Paper-based LOC
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 18 Electrochemical Immunosensors: Working Principle, Types, Scope, Applications, and Future Prospects
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Principle Behind Immunosensors
18.1.2 Components of an Immunosensor
18.1.3 Construction of an Immunosensor
18.2 Immunosensors in Protein Immunoassays
18.3 Types of Immunosensors
18.3.1 Electrochemical Immunosensors
18.4 Impedimetric Immunosensors
18.4.1 Impedance Technique Principle
18.4.2 Design and Development of Impedimetric Immunosensors
18.4.3 Different Types of Impedimetric Immunosensors
18.4.3.1 Sensors for Biorecognition Element Determination
18.4.3.2 Sensors for Antibody
18.4.3.3 DNA and RNA Sensors
18.4.4 Nanomaterials for Impedimetric Immunosensors
18.5 Potentiometric Immunosensors
18.5.1 Transmembrane Potential
18.5.2 Electrode Potential
18.5.3 Field Effect Transistor
18.6 Voltammetric and Amperometric Immunosensors
18.6.1 Alternative Analyte-Binding Compounds for Immunosensor Applications
18.6.1.1 Lateral Flow Immunoassays
18.6.1.2 Dual-signal Receptor-based Bifunctional Approaches
18.6.1.3 Redox-cycle-based Immunosensors
18.6.1.4 Colorimetric Immunoassays
18.7 Conductometric Immunosensors
18.8 Capacitive Immunosensors
18.9 Role of Nanomaterials in Immunosensors
18.9.1 Metal Nanoparticles
18.9.1.1 Au and Ag Nanomaterials
18.9.1.2 Other Metal Nanomaterials
18.9.2 Carbon-based Nanomaterials
18.9.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
18.9.2.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide
18.9.2.3 Other Carbon Materials
18.10 Applications of Immunosensors
18.10.1 Food Industry
18.10.2 Diagnostics
18.10.3 Environmental Applications
18.10.4 Research Applications
18.10.4.1 Kinetic Studies of Biospecific Interactions
18.10.4.2 Genomics and Proteomics
18.10.5 Medical Applications
18.11 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 19 Recent Updates on Inkjet-Printed Sensors
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Inkjet Printing
19.2 Inkjet-Printed Electrochemical-Based Sensors
19.2.1 Nanomaterials
19.2.2 Other Materials
19.3 Inkjet-Printed Colorimetric-based Sensors
19.4 Inkjet-Printed Fluorescence-based Sensors
19.5 Other Techniques and Developed Devices
19.6 Summary and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 20 Electrochemical Systems for Healthcare Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Point-of-care Sensor Systems
20.2.1 First-generation Electrochemical POC Sensors
20.2.2 POC Sensors Based on Microfabricated Electrodes
20.2.3 Second-generation Electrochemical POC Sensors
20.2.4 Future-generation POC Devices
20.3 Wearable Electrochemical Systems
20.3.1 Textile-based Electrochemical Biosensors
20.3.2 Flexible Wearable Electrochemical Sensors
20.3.3 Accessories-based Wearable Electrochemical Sensors
20.4 Implantable Electrochemical Nanodevices
20.4.1 Implantable Glucose Biosensors
20.4.2 Implantable Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection
20.4.3 Implantable Sensor Calibration
20.4.4 Electronic Devices, Energy Harvesting, and Energy Storage Systems for Implantable Sensors
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 21 Synthetic Strategies of Nanobioconjugates for Bioelectrochemical Applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Fabrication Processes of Nanobioconjugated Systems
21.2.1 Metal Nanoparticle-based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.1.1 Preparation of Platinum-PalladiumNanowires
21.2.1.2 Preparation of a Pt-Pd Nanowires-TBA-ADH-Hemin Bioconjugate
21.2.2 Quantum Dot-based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.2.1 Preparation of Antibody-GR-QDs
21.2.3 Silica-based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.3.1 Synthesis of Uniform Gold Nanoparticles
21.2.3.2 Silica Coating on Citrate-stabilized Gold Nanoparticles
21.2.3.3 Surface-functionalized Au@SiO2 Nanoparticles with an Aldehyde
21.2.3.4 Bioconjugation of Oligonucleotide-modified Au@SiO2 Nanoparticles
21.2.3.5 Bioconjugation of Biotin-modifiedAu@SiO2 Nanoparticles with Streptavidin
21.2.4 Metal Oxide-based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.4.1 Synthesis of TiO2-based Photoactive Bionanoconjugates
21.2.5 Magnetic Particles-based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.5.1 Strategies of Biomodified Hb-DA-Co3O4 MNPs
21.2.6 Carbon- based Nanobioconjugates
21.2.6.1 Organic Functionalization of Fe@MWCNTs
21.2.6.2 Preparation of Graphene-PAMAM-Anti-a-1-Fetoprotein (AFP)-HRP Conjugates
21.2.6.3 Fabrication of Immunosensors
21.2.7 Miscellaneous Nanobioconjugates
21.2.7.1 Synthesis of PMLA Nanobioconjugates
21.3 Applications of Nanobioconjugates
21.3.1 Electrochemical Detection of Bioanalytes
21.3.1.1 Detection of Enzymes (Enzymatic Biosensors)
21.3.1.2 Detection of Antigens and Antibodies (Immunosensors)
21.3.1.3 Detection of Aptamers (Aptasensors)
21.3.2 Energy Storage Applications
21.4 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 22 Electrochemical Biosensors with Nanointerface for Food, Water Quality, and Healthcare Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Sensors
22.1.2 Biosensors
22.1.3 Classification Based on Transducers
22.1.3.1 Optical Sensors
22.1.3.2 Piezoelectric Sensors
22.1.3.3 Electrochemical Biosensors
22.1.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
22.1.5 Reaction at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
22.1.5.1 Potentiometric Sensors
22.1.5.2 Amperometric Sensors
22.1.5.3 Conductometric Sensors
22.1.6 Analytical Merits of Electrochemical Sensors
22.1.7 Significance of Interfaces
22.1.8 Role of Nanointerfaces
22.1.8.1 Metal
22.1.8.2 Ionic Liquid
22.1.8.3 Carbon and Hybrid
22.1.8.4 Metal Oxide
22.1.8.5 Metal-Organic Framework
22.1.8.6 Polymers and Core-Shell Nanoparticles
22.2 Enzymatic Redox-type Biosensors
22.2.1 Healthcare
22.2.1.1 Glucose Biosensors
22.2.1.2 Lactate Biosensors
22.2.1.3 Methylglyoxal Biosensors
22.2.1.4 Cardiovascular Biosensors
22.2.1.5 Cancer Biosensors
22.2.1.6 Superoxide Biosensors
22.2.2 Food Quality
22.2.2.1 Enzymatic Redox-type Sensors for Food Quality Assessment
22.2.2.2 Fructose Dehydrogenase-based Electrochemical Biosensors
22.2.2.3 Polyphenol Oxidase-based Electrochemical Biosensors
22.2.2.4 Xanthine Oxidase-based Electrochemical Biosensors
22.2.2.5 Lactate Dehydrogenase-based Electrochemical Biosensors
22.2.2.6 Other Enzyme-based Electrochemical Biosensors
22.3 Water
22.3.1 Pathogens
22.3.2 Pesticides
22.3.3 Heavy Metal Ions
22.4 Enzymatic Inhibition-type Biosensors
22.4.1 Food Safety
22.4.1.1 Enzyme Inhibition: Reversible
22.4.1.2 Enzyme Inhibition: Irreversible
22.4.2 Healthcare
22.4.2.1 Glucose Oxidase Inhibition
22.4.2.2 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition
22.4.2.3 Other Enzyme Inhibition-based Biosensors
22.5 Water Quality
22.5.1 Pesticides
22.5.2 Metal Ions
22.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 23 Enzymatic Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Study During Electrochemical Sensing of Biomolecules
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Conducting Substrates for Sensing Applications
23.2.1 Conducting Polymers
23.2.2 Nanometals and Metal Oxides
23.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials
23.2.4 Nanohybrid Materials
23.2.5 Chalcogenides
23.3 Sensing Techniques
23.3.1 Optical Sensing Method
23.3.2 Electrochemical Sensing Method
23.3.3 Photoelectrochemical Sensing Method
23.4 Electrochemical Techniques for Sensing Analytes
23.4.1 Electrode Fabrications
23.4.2 Cyclic Voltammetry and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
23.5 Different Modified Electrodes for Enzyme Functionalization
23.6 A Plausible Mechanism of Electron Transfer: An Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit Analysis
23.7 Enzyme-less Glucose Oxidation: Off Course for a New Generation?
23.8 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 24 Quantum Dots for Bioelectrochemical Applications
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Nanotechnology
24.3 Structure of QDs
24.4 Characteristics of QDs
24.5 Synthesis Processes
24.6 Electrochemical Sensing of QDs
24.7 Biosensor Technology
24.8 Bioelectrochemical Applications of QDs
24.9 QDs: Modeling and Optimizations
24.9.1 Main Mathematical Tools
24.9.1.1 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)
24.9.1.2 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)
24.9.2 QD System Equations and Their Solutions
24.9.3 Analytic Solutions of QD Models
24.9.4 Optimization
24.10 Conclusion
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Chapter 25 Enzymatic Self-powered Biosensing Devices
25.1 Enzymatic Fuel Cells
25.2 Electron Transfer Mechanisms
25.2.1 Direct Electron Transfer (DET)
25.2.2 Mediated Electron Transfer (MET)
25.3 Enzyme Immobilization
25.3.1 Entrapment
25.3.2 Physical Adsorption
25.3.3 Covalent Binding
25.3.4 Cross-Linking
25.4 EFC-based Biosensors
25.4.1 Implantable EFC-Based Biosensors
25.4.2 Wearable EFC-based Biosensors
25.4.2.1 Saliva
25.4.2.2 Sweat
25.4.2.3 Tears
25.4.3 Point-of-care Applications
25.4.3.1 Self-powered Enzymatic Biosensors
25.4.3.2 Self-powered Immunosensors
25.4.3.3 Self-powered DNA Biosensors
25.4.3.4 Self-Powered Aptasensors
25.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Take-home Message
Test Yourself
Index
EULA

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