Ultrasonic Testing of Materials

A | Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Testing of Materials.- 1 Ultrasonic Waves in Free Space.- 2 Plane Sound Waves at Boundaries.- 3 Geometrical Acoustics.- 4 Wave Physics of the Sound Field.- 5 Echo from and Shadow of an Obstacle in the Sound Field.- 6 Attenuation of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids.- 7 Piezo-electric Methods of Generation and Reception of Ultrasonic Waves.- 8* Other Methods for Transmitting and Receiving Ultrasound.- B | Methods and Instruments used for the Ultrasonic Testing of Materials.- 9 Historical Survey of Developments.- 10 The Pulse-Echo Method; Design and Performance of a Pulse-Echo Flaw Detector.- 11 Transit-Time Methods.- 12 The Shadow Method.- 13 Imaging, and Methods of Reconstruction.- 14 Sound Emission Analysis (SEA).- C | General Testing Technique.- 15 Coupling.- 16 Interference Effects of Boundaries. Complex Sound Paths and Screen Patterns.- 17 Testing with Ultrasonic Waves Radiated Obliquely to the Surface.- 18 Interference from External High-Frequency and Ultrasonic Sources.- 19 Detection and Classification of Defects.- 20 Organization of Testing; Staff and Training Problems.- 21 Testing Installations and Evaluation of Test Results.- D | Special Test Problems.- 22 Workpieces for General Mechanical Construction.- 23 Railway Engineering Items.- 24 Plate and Strip.- 25 Semi-finished Products: Rod, Bar, Billet and Wire.- 26 Pipes, Tubes and Cylinders.- 27 Castings.- 28 Welded Joints.- 29 Testing of other Types of Joint and Compound Structures.- 30 Nuclear Power Plants.- 31 Metallic Materials and their Specific Problems for Ultrasonic Testing.- 32 Testing Problems on Non-metallic Specimens.- 33 Ultrasonic Testing by Determination of Material Properties.- 34 Standards.- Appendix. Tables, Formulae and Diagrams.- References.- Supplementary References.