Science of Science

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read on the Oxford Academic platform and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. How do we drive new knowledge and science? What are their present boundaries? And how can we improve science? We still do not understand these essential questions about science well, even though science is at the foundation of modern society. The emerging field of the science of science can provide answers. The central challenge of the field is accounting for and integrating the different empirical and theoretical knowledge across disciplines into a holistic field and uncovering the general mechanism driving science. Science of Science is the first book to provide an integrated framework for the field and thus aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the foundations and limits of science. The book integrates 14 scientific fields and illustrates how our evolved mind (that enables us to observe, experiment and solve problems) makes doing science possible but also shapes what and how we observe. Our scientific methods and instruments (such as statistics and electron microscopes) enable us to study a much larger range of phenomena but also puts constraints on how we measure them. Institutions and funding shape what knowledge we produce and how we evaluate our evidence, among other influences. Here, taking an interdisciplinary approach, Krauss explains how the sophisticated scientific tools we develop are the main driving force of creating new knowledge and advancing science. This methodological toolbox sets the scope and limits of what we can know and what is possible in science - while economic, social, and historical influences help shape what we study within that scope and those limits. The book provides a unifying theory for the field of science of science - the new-methods-drive-science theory. By better understanding the foundations of science we will also show how we can reduce the constraints and biases that we and our scientific methods and instruments face to advance science and push its present boundaries.