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Name: Pay-to-Play | How the United States' Collective Patrimony Has Been Locked in an Ivory Tower, Beyond a Paywall
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How the United States' Collective Patrimony Has Been Locked in an Ivory Tower, Beyond a Paywall

Ryan Kraski(Autor*in)

Nomos (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 16. Juli 2021

278 Seiten

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978-3-7489-1226-2 (ISBN)

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Beschreibung

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Inhalt

Cover
Introduction
A. Exigence
I. Definitions
II. Why Focus on Universities and Copyright Law?
B. General Structure
C. Questions Presented
D. Methods
E. Literature Review
F. Contributions of this Research
Part I: Universities
A. Background and Development of the American University
I. Early European Societies and Universities
II. The Emergence of the American System
B. Society's Expectations and University Privileges
I. University Privileges
II. Privileges in the US
C. University Objectives as Seen in the Curriculum
I. The Early Curriculum in Europe
II. The Developing Curriculum in the Americas
D. The Various Types of Students and Their Expectations
I. The Professional Pathway
II. The Mobility Pathway
III. The Social Pathway
E. How Form Affects Substance: University Finance
I. The Funding Schemes
II. Negative Outcomes of Federal Funding
III. How Finance Affected the Various Types of Universities
F. The US' Third Sector: Nonprofits
G. Nonprofit and University Governance
I. The Third Sector
1. Overcoming Contract Failure through the Nonprofit Form
2. The Non-Distribution Constraint
II. The Nonprofit Tests
1. The Organizational Test
2. The Operational Test
3. The Private Inurement Test
III. Enforcement Remedies
1. Safe-Harbor
2. UBIT Taxes
IV. State Regulation
V. Federal Regulation
H. Assessment of Universities
I. Access
1. Access Statistics
2. Campus Diversity
3. Access and University Type
4. The Outcome of the HEA's Student Lending
II. Education
1. Education Statistics
2. The Focus of University Instruction
3. Free Speech Protections on Campus
4. How the University Types Influence Each Other
III. Research
1. Research Statistics
2. Research Universities
3. The Types of Research
IV. Certification
V. Social Mobility
VI. Conformity with Nonprofit Principles
1. Commercial Operations
2. Compensation
3. Capital Accumulation
I. Private, Nonprofit Universities and the Public Benefit
J. Private, Nonprofit Universities' Legal Structuring and the Public Benefit
K. How Can Private, Nonprofit Universities be Improved through the Law?
Part II: Copyright
A. Introduction
B. History
C. The Means and Ends of US Copyright
D. Copyright Explained
I. Various Exceptions to Copyright
II. International Law and Copyright in the US
III. Alternatives to Copyright
1. Open Access
2. Creative Commons Licenses
3. Pirating
4. Technical Barriers
E. Assessment of Copyright Law
I. Access-Rings of Regulation
1. The Core of Copyright Protection
2. The Effects of Fair Use Codification
3. Campus Policies
4. How the Rings of Regulation Affect Access
II. The Three Sectors as Gateways to Knowledge
1. The Governmental Sector
2. The For-Profit Sector: Paywalls
3. The For-Profit Sector: Free Access
4. The Nonprofit Sector
5. The Pirates
III. Production Function Assessment
1. The Production Function and the Different Types of Works
2. The Production Function and Academic Works
IV. Structural Function Assessment
1. Structure in the Print Era
2. Structure in the Digital Era
3. Universities as a Structural Alternative to Copyright
4. Alternative For-profit Structures
V. Expressive Function Assessment
F. Copyright Law and the Public Benefit
G. How Can Copyright be Improved Through the Law?
Part III: Summary
Conclusion
Works Cited

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