Ecologically Based Weed Management

Name: Ecologically Based Weed Management | Concepts, Challenges, and Limitations
Brand: Wiley
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Concepts, Challenges, and Limitations

Nicholas E. Korres Ilias S. Travlos Thomas K. Gitsopoulos(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 4. Dezember 2023

352 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Ecologically Based Weed Management
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
List of Reviewers
1 Ecologically Based Weed Management (EbWM): Enabling and Reinforcing the Approach
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Basis for a Sucessful Ecologically Based Weed Management Approach
1.2 Enabling and Reinforcing EbWM Principles in All Crop Production Systems
1.2.1 Systems Approach
1.2.2 Increased Biodiversity in the System
1.2.3 Inclusion of the Spatial Scale in the System: From the Field to the Landscape
1.2.4 Significant Improvement in the Objectives of the Crop Breeding Programs
1.2.5 Use of Herbicides Only Based on Dose-Response Technology
1.2.6 Calculation of Pesticide Load in Each Field
1.3 Projects / Experiments Where EwBM Principles Are Being Tested
1.3.1 Example 1
1.3.2 Example 2
1.3.3 Example 3
1.3.4 Example 4
1.3.5 Example 5
1.4 Concluding Remarks
2 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Implications and Agroecosystem Services
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Agro- and Natural Ecosystem Services
2.2 Do Weed Management Practices Negatively Affect Ecosystem Services?
2.3 Weed Management Practices that Enhance Ecological Services
2.4 Conclusions
3 Climate Change and Ecologically Based Weed Management
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Climate Change and Weeds
3.1.1 CO2 Enrichment
3.1.2 Increased Temperature
3.1.3 Elevated CO2 and Temperature
3.1.4 Precipitation Extremes and Water (Drought and Flood)
3.2 Climate Change and Weed Management
3.3 Ecologically Based Weed Management
3.3.1 Need for Ecologically Based Weed Management
3.3.2 Progress
3.4 Managing Weed Soil Seedbank Using Preventive Measures
3.4.1 Weed Seed Elimination/Destruction at Crop Harvest
3.4.2 Weed Seed Burial by Tillage
3.4.3 Utilizing Stale Seedbed Technique
3.5 Application of Principles of Conservation Agriculture for EWM
3.5.1 Minimal Soil Disturbance
3.5.2 Soil Cover by Retaining Crop Residues in the Crop Field
3.5.3 Crop Rotations
3.5.4 Weed and Crop Diversity
3.5.5 Weed Suppressive Cover Crops Inclusion in the Cropping Systems
3.5.6 Intercropping
3.5.7 Enhancing Crop Competitiveness against Weeds
3.5.8 Method of Crop Establishment
3.6 Crop Competitiveness
3.6.1 Competitive Crop Cultivars
3.6.2 Quicker Canopy Closure
3.7 Soil Solarization
3.8 Mechanical Weed Management
3.9 Biocontrol
3.10 Herbicide Use and EWM
3.11 Conclusions
4 The Ecological Base of Nonchemical Weed Control
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Physical Weed Control
4.1.1 Mechanical Weed Control
4.1.2 Harrows and Rotary Hoes
4.1.3 Inter-row Cultivation
4.1.4 Intra-row Cultivation
4.1.5 Innovative Implements for In-row Crops
4.1.6 Cutting and Mowing
4.2 Soil Tillage
4.2.1 Effect of Tillage on Weed Seeds
4.2.2 Vertical Weed Seed Distribution
4.2.3 Modifying Seed Germination Environment
4.2.4 Weed Seed Viability
4.2.5 Effect of Tillage Practice on the Growth and Establishment of Seedlings
4.2.6 Effect of Tillage on Asexual Reproduction Organs of Perennial Weeds
4.3 Thermal Weed Control
4.4 Mulching
4.5 Biological Weed Control
4.5.1 Classical Weed Biocontrol
4.5.2 Bioherbicides
4.5.3 Conservative Measures
4.6 Allelopathy
4.7 Cultural Weed Control
4.7.1 Enhancing the Competitive Ability of Crops
4.7.2 Water and Fertilizer Management
4.7.3 Crop Density and Arrangement
4.7.4 Date of Crop Establishment
4.8 Crop Diversification for Weed Management
4.8.1 Intercropping
4.8.2 Crop Cultivar (Genotype)
4.8.3 Crop Rotation
4.8.4 Cover Crops
4.9 Conclusions
5 The Underestimated Role of Cultural Practices in Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Role of Crop Diversification in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.1.1 Role of Crop Rotation in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.1.2 Role of Intercropping in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.2 Role of Crop Competition in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.2.1 Role of Competitive Cultivars and Competitive Hybrids in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.2.2 Role of Increased Seeding Rates in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.2.3 Role of Narrow Row Spacing in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.3 Role of Sowing Timing in Ecologically Based Weed Management
5.4 Role of Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Weed Management
5.5 Conclusions
6 The Role of Agri-Chemical Industry on Ecologically Based Weed Management
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Herbicide Resistance
6.2 Climate Change
6.3 Environmentally Sound Weed Control Approaches
6.4 Environmentally Friendly Industry Initiatives
6.4.1 Syngenta Crop Protection AG
6.4.2 Bayer CropScience
6.4.3 FMC Corporation
7 Ecologically Based Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Pest Control
7.0 Introduction
7.1 Weed-Insect Interactions
7.1.1 Weeds and Pollinating Insects
7.1.2 Weeds and Natural Enemies
7.2 Weed Management to Support Pollination and Biological Control
7.2.1 Field Margins
7.2.2 Weed Management
7.2.3 Pollinators and Field Margins
7.2.4 Natural Enemies and Field Margins
7.2.5 Cover Crops
7.2.5.1 Current Status
7.2.5.2 Sowing and Termination
7.2.5.3 Impact on Weeds, Pollinators, and Natural Enemies
7.2.5.4 Cover Cropping Effect on Insect Pests
7.3 Challenges for Implementation of Ecological Weed Management in Practice
7.4 Conclusions
8 Use of Arthropods for Ecologically Based Weed Management in Agriculture
8.0 Introduction
8.1 Weed Biological Control in Agriculture
8.2 Biological Control in Cropping Systems
8.2.1 Case Study: Biological Control of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. (Solanaceae)
8.3 Biological Control in Grazing Lands
8.3.1 Case Study: Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae)
8.4 Biological Control in Plantations and Agroforestry Systems
8.4.1 Case Study: Biological Control of Chromolaena odorata R.M. King & H. Robinson (Asteraceae)
8.5 Biological Control in Aquatic Systems
8.5.1 Case Study: Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae)
8.6 Benefits of Biological Control
8.7 Conclusions
9 Ecologically Based Weed Management: Bioherbicides, Nanotechnology, Heat, and Microbially Mediated Soil Disinfestation
9.0 Biological Control of Weeds by Using Plant Pathogens
9.1 A Critical Assessment of the Role of Plant Pathogens in Weed Management
9.2 Expectations for the Future of Bioherbicides
9.2.1 Deleterious Rhizobacteria to Suppress Weed Growth and Competition
9.2.2 Weed Seedbank Management
9.2.3 Future Developments
9.3 Nonchemical Soil Disinfestation
9.3.1 Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation (ASD)
9.3.2 Steam
9.3.3 Soil Solarization
9.3.4 Biosolarization
9.3.5 Potential Mechanisms of Soil Disinfestation
9.3.6 Future Research Addressing Sustainability
9.4 Use of Nanocarriers to Deliver Active Ingredients (a.i)
9.4.1 Zein
9.4.2 Chitosan
9.4.3 Lignin
9.4.4 Viral Nanoparticles
9.4.5 Other Nanoformulations
9.5 Summary
10 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Traditional View of the Weed Seedbank
10.2 Alternative View of the Weed Seedbank and the Fate of Weeds
10.3 Mechanisms of Weed Suppression by Cover Crops, Intercrops, and Mulches
10.3.1 Seed Predation
10.3.2 Microbial Seed Decay
10.3.3 Residence Time
10.3.4 Allelopathy and Biochemical Inhibition
10.3.5 Germination Cues
10.3.6 Safe Sites
10.3.7 Resource Competition
10.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions
11 Soil Seedbank from an Ecological Perspective
11.0 Introduction
11.1 The Soil Seedbank
11.1.1 Seedbank Types
11.1.2 Longevity
11.1.3 Spatial Distribution in the Seedbank
11.1.4 Seed Morphology
11.2 Contributions to the Soil Seedbank
11.2.1 Seed Dispersal
11.2.2 Seed Shatter and Retention
11.3 Reducing the Soil Seedbank
11.3.1 Dormancy
11.3.2 Germination
11.3.3 Death
11.4 Managing the Soil Seedbank
11.4.1 Cultural Management
11.4.1.1 Crop Rotations
11.4.1.2 Competitive Crops
11.4.1.3 Cover Crops
11.4.1.4 Intercropping
11.4.2 Mechanical Management
11.4.3 Biological Management
11.4.4 Chemical Management
11.5 Seedbank Response to Best Management Practices
11.6 Conclusions
12 The Role and Relationship of Tillage Systems with Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Tillage Systems
12.2 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches and Tillage Systems
12.2.1 Reduced Weed Seedling Recruitment from Weed Seedbank
12.2.2 Improved Crop Competitiveness
12.2.3 Reduced Weed Seedbank Size
12.3 Herbicide Efficacy, Herbicide Resistance, and Organic Farming
12.4 Conclusions
13 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Vegetable Crops
13.0 Introduction
13.1 Cultural Methods
13.1.1 Crop Rotation
13.1.2 Intercropping
13.1.3 Transplanting
13.1.4 False Seedbed
13.1.5 Inorganic and Organic Soil Cover
13.2 Preventive Methods
13.2.1 Field Choice
13.2.2 Cover Crops
13.3 Direct Methods
13.3.1 Biological Weed Control
13.3.2 Mechanical Weed Control
13.3.2.1 Current Stage
13.3.2.2 Inter and Intra Row Diversification
13.3.3 Robotic Weeding
13.3.4 Thermal Weed Control
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook
14 Ecological Weed Management in Row Crops
14.0 Introduction
14.1 Integrated Weed Management (IWM) in Row Crops
14.1.1 Preventing Weed Problems before They Start
14.1.2 Improve Crop Competition against Weeds
14.1.3 Keep Weeds "Off-Balance" - Do Not Let Them Adapt
14.1.4 Flame Weeding
14.2 Making a Weed Control Decision
14.2.1 Critical Period of Weed Control (CPWC)
14.2.2 Weed Threshold
14.3 Computer-Based Models and Decision Support Systems
14.4 Documentation and Record Keeping
14.5 Ecologically Based Weed Management in Row Crops - Final Thoughts
15 Practical Vegetable and Specialty Crop Weed Management Systems
15.0 Introduction
15.1 What Is Ecologically Based Weed Management in Specialty Crops?
15.2 Unique Challenges for Vegetables and Other Specialty Crops
15.2.1 Weed Competition
15.2.2 Herbicides
15.3.1 Physical Weed Control
15.3.1.1 Hand Weeding
15.3.1.2 Mulches
15.3.1.3 Cover Crops
15.3.1.4 Mechanical Cultivation
15.3.1.5 Thermal Methods
15.3 Compatibility of Specialty Crops with Ecologically Based Weed Management
15.3.2 Cultural Methods of Weed Control in Specialty Crops
15.3.2.1 Prevention and Sanitation
15.3.2.2 Stale Seedbed
15.3.2.3 Subsurface Drip Irrigation
15.3.2.4 Crop Rotation
15.3.2.5 Competition
15.4 Chemical Methods of Weed Control in Specialty Crops
15.5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
16 The Need of Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Orchard Crops
16.0 Introduction
16.1 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Fruit Crops Species Grown in Tropical and Subtropical Environments
16.2 Tropical Fruit Crop Species
16.2.1 Pineapple
16.2.2 Bananas
16.2.3 Cocoa
16.3 Subtropical Fruit Crop Species
16.3.1 Citrus
16.4 Ecologically Based Weed Management Approaches in Temperate Fruit Crops Species Growing in Tropical and Subtropical Environments
16.4.1 Peaches (Prunus persica)
16.4.2 Figs (Ficus carica)
16.4.3 Grapevine (Vitis vinifera)
16.5 Conclusions
17 Application of Ecologically Based Weed Management in Pastures
17.0 Introduction
17.1 Ecology of Pasture Systems
17.1.1 Composition of Pastures
17.1.2 Pasture Growth
17.1.3 Influence of Defoliation on Pasture Composition
17.1.4 Weed Infestations in Pastures
17.1.5 Weed Seedbanks in Pastures
17.2 Impacts of Weeds in Pastures
17.2.1 Weed Impacts on Livestock Production
17.2.2 Weed Impacts on Pasture Production
17.3 Weed Management Principles for Pastures
17.3.1 Pasture Monitoring and Weed Prevention
17.3.2 Selection of Suitable Species
17.3.3 Pastures Competing with Weeds
17.3.4 Grazing Management
17.3.5 Manipulating the Soil Seedbank
17.3.6 Removing Problematic Weeds
17.4 Application of Weed Management Principles
17.4.1 Weed Control When Establishing a Pasture
17.4.2 Weed Control in Established Pastures
17.4.3 Target Weed Groups and Suggested Control
17.4.4 Integrated Weed Management
17.4.5 Example of an Integrated Weed Management Strategy
17.5 Future Perspectives
17.6 Conclusions
Index
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