Capillary Electrophoresis: Instrumentation and Operation

1 The Short History of CE.- 2 Basic Principles of CE.- 2.1 The electromigration of ions.- 2.2 Prediction of ionic mobilities.- 2.3 The principles of electroosmosis.- 2.4 Separation modes in CE.- 3 Efficiency and Resolution.- 3.1 Sources of zone broadening.- 3.2 Resolution.- 4 Voltages and Currents.- 4.1 The voltage source.- 4.2 The field strength and electrophoretic current.- 4.3 Electrolysis of the BGE in the electrode vials.- 5 Thermal Management.- 5.1 Joule heating in CE.- 5.2 Thermostatting systems.- 5.3 Estimation of the operating temperature.- 6 Capillaries and the Electroosmotic Flow.- 6.1 The origin of the electroosmotic flow.- 6.2 Solution effects on the EOF.- 6.3 Dynamic modification of the capillary.- 6.4 Coated capillaries.- 6.5 Alternative capillary materials.- 6.6 External control of the EOF.- 7 The Background Electrolyte.- 7.1 The role of the background electrolyte in CZE.- 7.2 The Kohlrausch regulating function.- 7.3 Overloading with strong analyte ions.- 7.4 The quality of the BGE.- 7.5 Overloading with weak ions.- 8 Sample Introduction.- 8.1 Hydrodynamic and electrokinetic injection.- 8.2 Matrix effects on injection.- 8.3 Sample stacking.- 8.4 Coupled ITP-CE.- 8.5 Chromatographic preconcentration.- 8.6 Hyphenated techniques.- 9 UV-Absorption Detection.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The sensitivity and linearity of UV detection.- 9.3 Optical arrangements for UV detection.- 9.4 Extended light-path detection.- 9.5 Multi-wavelength detection.- 9.6 Thermo-optical detection.- 10 Fluorescence Detection.- 10.1 Optical arrangements for fluorescence detection.- 10.2 Laser-induced fluorescence detection.- 10.3 Pre-column derivatization.- 10.4 Post-column derivatization.- 11 Indirect Detection.- 11.1 Transfer ratios.- 11.2 System zones.- 11.3 Baseline instabilities in indirect detection.- 11.4 Indirect UV detection.- 11.5 Indirect fluorescence detection.- 12 Electrochemical Detection.- 12.1 Principles of electrochemical detection techniques.- 12.2 End-column detection.- 12.3 Off-column detection.- 12.4 Amperometric detectors.- 12.5 Conductivity detection.- 13 Micro-preparative CE.- 13.1 Fraction collection.- 13.2 Optimization of the production rate.- 14 Instrumental Developments.- 14.1 Instruments for routine analysis.- 14.2 Coupling of CE and mass spectrometry.- 14.3 Capillary array CE.- 14.4 Nanoscale integrated CE systems.- 14.5 Future perspectives.