Programming in C

Introduction 1

1 Some Fundamentals 5

Programming 5

Higher-Level Languages 5

Operating Systems 6

Compiling Programs 7

Integrated Development Environments 10

Language Interpreters 10

2 Compiling and Running Your First Program 11

Compiling Your Program 12

Running Your Program 12

Understanding Your First Program 13

Displaying the Values of Variables 15

Comments 17

Exercises 19

3 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions 21

Understanding Data Types and Constants 21

The Integer Type int 22

The Floating Number Type float 23

The Extended Precision Type double 23

The Single Character Type char 24

The Boolean Data Type _Bool 24

Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed 26

Working with Variables 29

Working with Arithmetic Expressions 30

Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator 33

Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators 39

Types _Complex and _Imaginary 40

Exercises 40

4 Program Looping 43

Triangular Numbers 43

The for Statement 44

Relational Operators 46

Aligning Output 50

Program Input 51

Nested for Loops 53

for Loop Variants 55

The while Statement 56

The do Statement 60

The break Statement 62

The continue Statement 62

Exercises 63

5 Making Decisions 65

The if Statement 65

The if-else Construct 69

Compound Relational Tests 72

Nested if Statements 74

The else if Construct 76

The switch Statement 83

Boolean Variables 86

The Conditional Operator 90

Exercises 92

6 Working with Arrays 95

Defining an Array 96

Using Array Elements as Counters 100

Generating Fibonacci Numbers 103

Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers 104

Initializing Arrays 106

Character Arrays 108

Base Conversion Using Arrays 109

The const Qualifier 111

Multidimensional Arrays 113

Variable Length Arrays 115

Exercises 117

7 Working with Functions 119

Defining a Function 119

Arguments and Local Variables 123

Function Prototype Declaration 124

Automatic Local Variables 124

Returning Function Results 126

Functions Calling Functions Calling... 130

Declaring Return Types and Argument Types 133

Checking Function Arguments 135

Top-Down Programming 137

Functions and Arrays 137

Assignment Operators 141

Sorting Arrays 143

Multidimensional Arrays 146

Global Variables 151

Automatic and Static Variables 155

Recursive Functions 158

Exercises 161

8 Working with Structures 163

The Basics of Structures 163

A Structure for Storing the Date 164

Using Structures in Expressions 166

Functions and Structures 169

A Structure for Storing the Time 175

Initializing Structures 178

Compound Literals 178

Arrays of Structures 180

Structures Containing Structures 183

Structures Containing Arrays 185

Structure Variants 189

Exercises 190

9 Character Strings 193

Revisiting the Basics of Strings 193

Arrays of Characters 194

Variable-Length Character Strings 197

Initializing and Displaying Character Strings 199

Testing Two Character Strings for Equality 202

Inputting Character Strings 204

Single-Character Input 206

The Null String 211

Escape Characters 215

More on Constant Strings 217

Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays 218

A Better Search Method 221

Character Operations 226

Exercises 229

10 Pointers 233

Pointers and Indirection 233

Defining a Pointer Variable 234

Using Pointers in Expressions 237

Working with Pointers and Structures 239

Structures Containing Pointers 241

Linked Lists 243

The Keyword const and Pointers 251

Pointers and Functions 252

Pointers and Arrays 258

A Slight Digression About Program Optimization 262

Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer? 262

Pointers to Character Strings 264

Constant Character Strings and Pointers 266

The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 267

Operations on Pointers 271

Pointers to Functions 272

Pointers and Memory Addresses 273

Exercises 275

11 Operations on Bits 277

The Basics of Bits 277

Bit Operators 278

The Bitwise AND Operator 279

The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator 281

The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator 282

The Ones Complement Operator 283

The Left Shift Operator 285

The Right Shift Operator 286

A Shift Function 286

Rotating Bits 288

Bit Fields 291

Exercises 295

12 The Preprocessor 297

The #define Statement 297

Program Extendability 301

Program Portability 302

More Advanced Types of Definitions 304

The # Operator 309

The ## Operator 310

The #include Statement 311

System Include Files 313

Conditional Compilation 314

The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements 314

The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements 316

The #undef Statement 317

Exercises 318

13 Extending Data Types with the Enumerated Data Type, Type Definitions, and Data Type Conversions 319

Enumerated Data Types 319

The typedef Statement 323

Data Type Conversions 325

Sign Extension 327

Argument Conversion 328

Exercises 329

14 Working with Larger Programs 331

Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files 331

Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line 332

Communication Between Modules 334

External Variables 334

Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions 337

Using Header Files Effectively 339

Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs 341

The make Utility 341

The cvs Utility 343

Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on 343

15 Input and Output Operations in C 345

Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() 346

Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf() 346

The printf() Function 346

The scanf() Function 353

Input and Output Operations with Files 358

Redirecting I/O to a File 358

End of File 361

Special Functions for Working with Files 362

The fopen Function 362

The getc() and putc() Functions 364

The fclose() Function 365

The feof Function 367

The fprintf() and fscanf() Functions 367

The fgets() and fputs() Functions 367

stdin, stdout, and stderr 368

The exit() Function 369

Renaming and Removing Files 370

Exercises 371

16 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features 373

Miscellaneous Language Statements 373

The goto Statement 373

The null Statement 374

Working with Unions 375

The Comma Operator 378

Type Qualifiers 379

The register Qualifier 379

The volatile Qualifier 379

The restrict Qualifier 379

Command-line Arguments 380

Dynamic Memory Allocation 384

The calloc() and malloc() Functions 385

The sizeof Operator 385

The free Function 387

Exercises 389

17 Debugging Programs 391

Debugging with the Preprocessor 391

Debugging Programs with gdb 397

Working with Variables 400

Source File Display 401

Controlling Program Execution 402

Getting a Stack Trace 406

Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures 407

Getting Help with gdb Commands 408

Odds and Ends 410

18 Object-Oriented Programming 413

What Is an Object Anyway? 413

Instances and Methods 414

Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions 416

Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions 417

Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions 421

Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions 424

A C Language Summary 427

B The Standard C Library 471

C Compiling Programs with gcc 495

D Common Programming Mistakes 499

E Resources 505

TOC, 9780321776419, 7/28/2014