Forensic Chemistry Handbook

Preface xv

Contributors xxi

1. Forensic Environmental Chemistry 1
Anthony Carpi and Andrew J. Schweighardt

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Chemical Fingerprinting 4

1.3 Spatial Association of Environmental Incidents 18

References 20

2. Principles and Issues in Forensic Analysis of Explosives 23
Jimmie C. Oxley, Maurice Marshall, and Sarah L. Lancaster

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Sample Collection 25

2.3 Packaging 29

2.4 Sorting 30

2.5 Documentation 31

2.6 Environmental Control and Monitoring 31

2.7 Storage 33

2.8 Analysis 33

2.9 Records 36

2.10 Quality Assurance 36

2.11 Safety and Other Issues 37

Conclusion 37

References 38

3. Analysis of Fire Debris 41
John J. Lentini

3.1 Introduction 42

3.2 Evolution of Separation Techniques 43

3.3 Evolution of Analytical Techniques 47

3.4 Evolution of Standard Methods 49

3.5 Isolating the Residue 51

3.6 Analyzing the Isolated ILR 56

3.7 Reporting Procedures 101

3.8 Record Keeping 102

3.9 Quality Assurance 105

Conclusion 105

References 106

4. Forensic Examination of Soils 109
Raymond C. Murray

4.1 Introduction 110

4.2 Murder and the Pond 111

4.3 Oil Slicks and Sands 113

4.4 Medical Link 114

4.5 Examination Methods 114

4.6 Chemical Methods 127

4.7 Looking Ahead 129

References 130

5. Analysis of Paint Evidence 131
Scott G. Ryland and Edward M. Suzuki

5.1 Introduction 132

5.2 Paint Chemistry and Color Science 134

5.3 Types of Paint 139

5.4 Paint Evidence Interpretation Considerations 141

5.5 Analytical Methods 142

5.6 Examples 208

References 217

6. Analysis Techniques Used for the Forensic Examination of Writing and Printing Inks 225
Gerald M. LaPorte and Joseph C. Stephens

6.1 Introduction 226

6.2 Ink 226

6.3 Ink Analysis 230

6.4 Office Machine Systems 242

Conclusion 247

References 248

7. The Role of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Chemistry 251
Ali Koçak

7.1 Introduction to Vibrational Spectroscopy 252

7.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 253

7.3 Infrared Sampling Techniques 255

7.4 Raman Spectroscopy 260

7.5 Raman Spectroscopic Techniques 262

7.6 Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Forensic Analysis 264

References 265

8. Forensic Serology 269
Richard Li

8.1 Introduction 270

8.2 Identification of Blood 271

8.3 Species Identification 278

8.4 Identification of Semen 282

8.5 Identification of Saliva 286

References 289

9. Forensic DNA Analysis 291
Henrietta Margolis Nunno

9.1 Introduction 292

9.2 Methodology 296

9.3 Problems Encountered in STR Analysis 307

9.4 Methodology for mtDNA Analysis 316

References 322

10. Current and Future Uses of DNA Microarrays in Forensic Science 327
Nathan H. Lents

10.1 Introduction 328

10.2 What is a DNA Microarray? 328

10.3 DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics 332

10.4 Detection of Microorganisms Using Microarrays 334

10.5 Probing Human Genomes by DNA Microarrays 340

Conclusion 345

References 345

11. Date-Rape Drugs with Emphasis on GHB 355
Stanley M. Parsons

11.1 Introduction 357

11.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Action 357

11.3 Societal Context of Date-Rape Agents 361

11.4 Metabolism Fundamentals 363

11.5 Biosynthesis of Endogenous GHB 368

11.6 Absorption and Distribution of Ingested GHB 376

11.7 Initial Catabolism of GHB 377

11.8 Chemistry of GHB and Related Metabolites not Requiring Enzymes 380

11.9 Experimental Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB 380

11.10 Estimated Equilibrium Constants for Redox Reactions of GHB in Vivo 381

11.11 Different Perspectives on Turnover of Endogenous GHB are Consistent 384

11.12 Disposition of Succinic Semialdehyde 385

11.13 Conversion of Prodrugs to GHB and Related Metabolites 386

11.14 Subcellular Compartmentalization of GHB-Related Compounds 388

11.15 Comparative Catabolism of Ethanol, 1,4-Butanediol, Fatty Acids, and GHB 389

11.16 Catabolism of MDMA, Flunitrazepam, and Ketamine 390

11.17 Detection of Date-Rape Drugs 390

11.18 Special Circumstances of GHB 395

11.19 Considerations During Development of Field Tests 396

11.20 Development of an Enzymatic Test for GHB 399

Conclusion 402

Notes 404

References 406

12. Forensic and Clinical Issues in Alcohol Analysis 435
Richard Stripp

12.1 Introduction 436

12.2 Blood Alcohol Concentration 437

12.3 Alcohol Impairment and Driving Skills 441

12.4 Field Sobriety Tests 443

12.5 Blood Alcohol Measurements 444

References 453

13. Fundamental Issues of Postmortem Toxicology 457
Donald B. Hoffman, Beth E. Zedeck, and Morris S. Zedeck

13.1 Introduction 458

13.2 Tissue and Fluid Specimens 460

13.3 Specimen Collection and Storage 466

13.4 Extraction Procedures 467

13.5 Analytical Techniques 467

13.6 Interpretation 470

Conclusion 475

References 476

14. Entomotoxicology: Drugs, Toxins, and Insects 483
Jason H. Byrd and Michelle R. Peace

14.1 Introduction 484

14.2 The Fly and Forensic Science 484

References 495

Index 501