List of Acronyms

AC Alternating current ADC Analog-to-digital converter AFM Atomic force microscopy AITR Attenuated internal total reflection ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis AMC Adiabatic microcalorimeter ANNA Activity of Excellence and Networking for Nano- and Microelectronics Analysis APS Advanced photon source or American Physical Society ASTM American society for testing and materials ATI Atom institute AXIL Analytical X-ray analysis by iterative least squares BB Black body BCR Breakpoint cluster region (protein or gene) or British Chemical Standard - Certified reference material BESSY Berliner Elektronen Speicherring Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung BRM Blank reference material CAS Chemical Abstracts Services CCD Charge-coupled device CHA Concentric hemispherical analyzer CHESS Cornell high-energy synchrotron source CMA Cylindrical mirror analyzer CMOS Complementary metal oxides CMOS Complementary metal oxides semiconductor CRM Certified reference material CVD Chemical vapor deposition CXRO Center for X-ray Optics and Advanced Light Source DC Direct current DCM Double-crystal monochromator DESY Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung DMM Double multilayer monochromator DORIS Doppel Ring Speicher EDS Energy-dispersive spectrometry or spectrometer EDTA Ethylene-diaminetetraceticacid EPMA Electron probe microanalysis ESCA Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis ET-AAS Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry EXAFS Extended X-ray absorption fine structure FAAS Flame atomic absorption spectrometry FCM Four-crystal monochromator FEL Free-electron laser FET Field effect transistor FPS Flat panel sensor FT-IR Fourier transform-infra red FWHM Full width at half maximum GC-MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GeLi Ge(Li) detector; Germanium drifted with Lithium ions GE-XRF Grazing exit X-ray fluorescence GF-AAS Graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry GI-XRD Grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry GI-XRF Grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence GIE-XRF Grazing incidence/exit X-ray fluorescence GLP Good laboratory practice HASYLAB Hamburger Synchrotron Strahlungslabor HOPG Highly ordered (oriented) pyrolytic graphite HPGe HPGe detector; high-purity Germanium HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography HS Humic substances IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IC Integrated circuit ICDD International Centre for Diffraction Data ICP Inductively coupled plasma ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry IDMS Isotope dilution-mass spectrometry IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IFG Institut für Geräteentwicklung IMEC Interuniversity Microelectronics Center INAA Instrumental neutron activation analysis IR Infrared IRMM Institute of Reference Materials and Measurements ISO International Standard Organization ITRS International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors IUPAC International Union for Applied Chemistry JCPDS Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards JFET Junction Gate FET KFA Kernforschungsanlage LED Light emitting diode LINAC Linear accelerator MBI Max-Born Institut MCA Multichannel analyzer MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MRT Magnetic resonance tomography NEXAFS Near extended X-ray absorption fine structure NIES National Institute for Environmental Studies NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NSF Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis NSLS National Synchrotron Light Source PES Photoelectron spectrometry PGM Plane grating monochromator PIN Positive-intrinsic-negative PIXE Proton or particle induced X-ray emission PMM Primary methods of measurement PTB Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt PVD Physical vapor deposition QM Quality management QXAS Quantitative X-ray analysis system RBS Rutherford backscattering spectrometry RMS Root mean square (of the mean squared deviations) ROI Region of interest RSD Relative standard deviation SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering SD Standard deviation, absolute value SDD Silicon drift detector SDi Strategic Directions International SEM Scanning electron microscopy SGM Spherical grating monochromator SiLi Si(Li) detector; Silicium drifted with Lithium ions SIMS Secondary ion mass spectrometry SOP Standard operating procedure SPM Suspended particulate matter SQUID Superconducting quantum interference device SR Synchrotron radiation SRM Standard reference material SSD Solid-state detector SSRL Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory STJ Superconducting tunnel junction STM Scanning tunneling microscope or microscopy SW Standing wave TDS Total dissolved...