Stomatological Preparations (A01)

AXEL KLEEMANN, Hanau, Germany

• 1. Introduction
• 2. A01AA Caries Prophylactic Agents
• 3. A01AB Antiinfectives and Antiseptics for Local Oral Treatment
• 4. A01AC Corticosteroids for Local Oral Treatment
• 5. A01AD Other Agents for Local Oral Treatment
• 6. A01AE Local Anesthetics for Oral Treatment
• List of Abbreviations
• References

1 Introduction

Stomatology is the science dealing with the cavity of the mouth and its diverse diseases, which can affect the skin, the oral mucous membranes, or the teeth. Other terms are oral medicine, dental medicine, and oral and maxillofacial medicine. Many of the active ingredients used in stomatological preparations are classified and described in other Anatomical Therapeutical Chemical (ATC) groups (this applies especially in the case of antiinfectives (Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials; Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 2. Antimycotics (Antifungals) and Antimycobacterials; Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 3. Antivirals), corticosteroids ( Respiratory Disorders, 2. Nasal Preparations and Decongestants for Topical Use (R01), Section 3 R01AD Corticosteroids), and local anesthetics ( Anesthetics (N01), Section 1.2 Local Anesthetics), to which the reader is referred. Preparations for treatment of throat infections are classified in Respiratory Disorders, 3. Throat Preparations (R02). For preparations for mouth hygiene and dental care, see the chapter " Oral Hygiene Products" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia, Online Edition [24].

The ATC Classification of the WHO lists stomatological preparations as A01A according to their indication (A, Alimentary Tract and Metabolism; A01, Stomatological Preparations; and A01A, Stomatological Preparations).

2 A01AA Caries Prophylactic Agents (Table 1)

Table 1 A01AA Caries prophylactic agents

INN
(Synonyms)
[Brand names]
ATC Structure
(Remarks) [CAS-No.]
Formula
MW, g/mol Target (if known)
Medical use
Formulation
DDD Originator
Approval (country/year)
Production method
[References] Sodium fluoride
A01AA01 [7681-49-4]
NaF
41.99 added to municipal drinking water and toothpastes in order to maintain dental health by formation of fluoroapatite, a component of tooth enamel.
1.1?mg O (children). Sodium monofluorophosphate
(MFP; SMFP)
A01AA02 [10163-15-2]
Na2PO3F
143.95 source of fluoride (by hydrolysis) for use in toothpastes. W. Lange; Ozark; Colgate-Palmolive
USA/1967
synthesis [1-3] Olaflur
(C-27-amine fluoride)
[Elmex, Dynexaminfluorid]
A01AA03 [6818-37-7]
C27H60F2N2O3
498.8 amine fluoride, source of fluoride for use in toothpastes, chewing gums, and gels for prevention of dental caries.
1.1?mg O (children). GABA AG
synthesis [4, 5]

3 A01AB Antiinfectives and Antiseptics for Local Oral Treatment (Table 2)

Table 2 A01AB Antiinfectives and antiseptics for local oral treatment

INN
(Synonyms)
[Brand names]
ATC Structure
(Remarks) [CAS-No.]
Formula
MW, g/mol Target (if known)
Medical use
Formulation
DDD Originator
Approval (country/year)
Production method
[References] Hydrogen peroxide
(dihydrogen dioxide; oxydol; oxygenated water; perhydrol)
A01AB02;
D08AX01; S02AA06 [7722-84-1]
H2O2
34.02 strong oxidant, bleaching agent, e.g., in use for teeth and hair; broad spectrum efficacy against bacteria, viruses, and yeasts.
disinfectant/antiseptic and for sterilization (e.g., of surgical tools and in vaporized form for room disinfection).
use in form of diluted aqueous solutions (3%, 10%, 30%, 50%, and between). industrial production started in 1908
synthesis (anthraquinone process since 1936; formerly electrolysis) [6, 7] Chlorhexidine
(CHG for digluconate)
[Chlorhexamed, Betasept, Hibiscrub, Hibitane, Merfene, HEXtra, Nolvasan, Chlorasept, Unisept, Paroex, Peridex, Periogard]
A01AB03;
B05CA02; D08AC02; D09AA12; R02AA05 see ( Respiratory Disorders, 3. Throat Preparations (R02))
S01AX09, S02AA09, S03AA04
WHO essential medicine [55-56-1]
C22H30Cl2N10
505.45
dihydrochloride:
[3697-42-5]
C22H30Cl2N10·2 HCl
578.37
diacetate:
[56-95-1]
C22H30Cl2N10·2 C2H4O2
625.56
D-digluconate:
[18472-51-0]
C34H54Cl2N10O14
897.8 bisbiguanide compound with antiseptic and topical antibacterial activity.
for reduction of pocket depth in patients with adult periodontitis, used as an adjunct to scaling and root planning procedures. Also for prevention of dental caries, oropharyngeal decontamination in critically ill patients, hand hygiene in health care personnel, general skin cleanser, and catheter site preparation and care.
most commonly in use is the digluconate as mouthwashes, toothpastes, oral rinses, gels, and sprays in 0.12-0.20% concentrations.
30?mg O. ICI
synthesis (from 4-chloroaniline, cyanoguanidine and hexamethylenediamine) [8] Amphotericin B
A01AB04;
J02AA01 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 2. Antimycotics (Antifungals) and Antimycobacterials) topical (surface) treatment of fungal infections in mouth and gastrointestinal tract without systemic availability. 8-Hydroxyquinoline
(oxine, oxyquinoline; oxychinolin; quinolin-8-ol)
[Chinosol]
A01AB07;
D08AH03; G01AC30; R02AA14 see ( Respiratory Disorders, 3. Throat Preparations (R02)) [148-24-3]
C9H7NO
145.16
sulfate:
[134-31-6]
(C9H7NO)2·H2SO4
388.39 antiseptic and disinfectant (and stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide).
sulfate is used in treatment of athlete's foot, vaginitis, as gargle, eyewash, nasal douche, and in hemorrhoidal preparations; constituent of combinations.
80?mg O. Skraup
synthesis (from 2-aminophenol, glycerol and nitrobenzene; "Skraup Synthesis") [9, 10] Neomycin
A01AB08;
J01GB05 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials)
R02AB01 see ( Respiratory Disorders, 3. Throat Preparations (R02)) Miconazole
A01AB09;
J02AB01 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 2. Antimycotics (Antifungals) and Antimycobacterials) Natamycin
A01AB10;
S01AA10; Hexetidine
[Drossadin, Hexoral, Hextril, Isozid-H, Oraldene, Sterisol, Vagi-Hex]
A01AB12;
G01AX16; R02AA28 see ( Respiratory Disorders, 3. Throat Preparations (R02)) [141-94-6]
C21H45N3
339.61 bactericidal and fungicidal cationic antiseptic.
mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene.
mouthwash sol. 0.1%; spray 0.2%; vaginal tbl. 10?mg (Vagi-Hex). Commercial Solvents/Gödecke/Pfizer
DE/1966
synthesis [11-13] Tetracycline
A01AB13;
J01AA07 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials, Section 3.1 J01A Tetracyclines) Metronidazole
A01AB17;
J01XD01 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials, Section 3.9 J01X Other Antibacterials) Clotrimazole
A01AB18;
G01AF02 Chlortetracycline
A01AB21;
J01AA03 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials, Section 3.1 J01A Tetracyclines) Doxycycline
A01AB22;
J01AA02 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials, Section 3.1 J01A Tetracyclines) Minocycline
A01AB23;
J01AA08 see ( Antiinfectives for Systemic Use, 1. Antibacterials, Section 3.1 J01A Tetracyclines) Thymol
(thyme camphor; 3-p-cymenol; m-thymol;...