Surfactants from Renewable Resources

Series Preface xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xvii

List of Contributors xix

Part 1 Renewable Hydrophobes 1

1 Surfactants Based on Natural Fatty Acids 3
Martin Svensson

1.1 Introduction and History 3

1.2 Fats and Oils as Raw Materials 4

1.3 Fatty Acid Soaps 5

1.4 Polyethylene Glycol Fatty Acid Esters 10

1.5 Polyglycerol Fatty Acid Esters 11

1.6 Conclusions 13

References 15

2 Nitrogen Derivatives of Natural Fats and Oils 21
Ralph Franklin

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Manufacture of Fatty Nitrogen Derivatives 22

2.3 Production Data 30

2.4 Ecological Aspects 30

2.5 Biodegradation 31

2.6 Properties of Nitrogen-Based Surfactants 33

2.7 Applications 35

2.8 Conclusions 39

References 40

3 Surface-Active Compounds as Forest-Industry By-Products 45
Bjarne Holmbom, Anna Sundberg and Anders Strand

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Resin and Fatty Acids 46

3.3 Sterols and Sterol Ethoxylates 54

3.4 Hemicelluloses 56

Acknowledgements 58

References 59

Part 2 Renewable Hydrophiles 63

4 Surfactants Based on Carbohydrates and Proteins for Consumer Products and Technical Applications 65
Karlheinz Hill

4.1 Introduction 65

4.2 Raw Materials 65

4.3 Products and Applications 67

4.4 Conclusion 81

Acknowledgements 81

References 81

5 Amino Acids, Lactic Acid and Ascorbic Acid as Raw Materials for Biocompatible Surfactants 85
Carmen Moran, Lourdes Perez, Ramon Pons, Aurora Pinazo and Maria Rosa Infante

5.1 Introduction 85

5.2 Production of Raw Materials 86

5.3 Lysine-Based Surfactants 87

5.4 Lactic Acid-Based Surfactants 94

5.5 Ascorbic Acid-Based Surfactants 97

References 100

Part 3 New Ways of Making Renewable Building Blocks 109

6 Ethylene from Renewable Resources 111
Anna Lundgren and Thomas Hjertberg

6.1 Introduction 111

6.2 Why Produce Ethylene from Renewable Resources? 113

6.3 Production of Ethylene from Renewable Feedstock 115

6.4 Commercialization of Bioethylene 121

6.5 Environmental Impact of Bioethylene 123

6.6 Certificate of Green Carbon Content 124

6.7 Concluding Remarks 125

References 125

7 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks for Renewable Resource-Based Surfactants 127
Kris Arvid Berglund, Ulrika Rova and David B. Hodge

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Existing and Potential Classes of Surfactants from Biologically Derived Metabolites 129

7.3 Fermentation-Based Building Blocks with Large Existing Markets 131

7.4 New Fermentation-Based Building Blocks 133

7.5 Conclusion 138

References 138

Part 4 Biosurfactants 143

8 Synthesis of Surfactants Using Enzymes 145
Patrick Adlercreutz and Rajni Hatti-Kaul

8.1 Introduction 145

8.2 Enzymes as Catalysts for Synthesis of Surfactants 146

8.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Polar Lipids Useful as Surfactants 147

8.4 Carbohydrate Esters 148

8.5 Fatty Amide Surfactants 151

8.6 Amino Acid-Based Surfactants 155

8.7 Alkyl Glycosides 158

8.8 Future Prospects 160

Acknowledgements 161

References 161

9 Surfactants from Waste Biomass 167
Flor Yunuen García-Becerra, David Grant Allen and Edgar Joel Acosta

9.1 Introduction 167

9.2 Surfactants Obtained from Biological Transformation of Waste Biomass 168

9.3 Surfactants Obtained from Chemical Transformation of Waste Biomass 177

9.4 Summary and Outlook 185

References 185

10 Lecithin and Other Phospholipids 191
Willem van Nieuwenhuyzen

10.1 Introduction 191

10.2 Sources and Production 191

10.3 Composition 195

10.4 Quality and Analysis of Lecithins 196

10.5 Modification 198

10.6 Emulsifying Properties 203

10.7 Applications 206

10.8 Legislation and Reach 209

10.9 Conclusion 211

References 211

11 Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 213
Dirk W. G. Develter and Steve J. J. Fleurackers

11.1 Sophorolipids 213

11.2 Derivatives of Native Sophorolipids 224

11.3 Biosynthesis of Novel Sophorolipids 227

11.4 Rhamnolipids 230

11.5 Cleaning Applications Using Sophorolipids and Rhamnolipids 234

References 236

12 Saponin-Based Surfactants 239
Wieslaw Oleszek and Arafa Hamed

12.1 Introduction 239

12.2 Molecular Properties 240

12.3 Sources of Saponins 242

12.4 Saponins as Emulsifiers and Surfactants 242

12.5 Application of Saponins as Surfactants and Emulsifiers 245

Acknowledgements 248

References 248

Part 5 Polymeric Surfactants/Surface-Active Polymers 251

13 Surface-Active Polymers from Cellulose 253
Leif Karlson

13.1 Introduction 253

13.2 Structure and Synthesis of Cellulose Ether 254

13.3 Cellulose Ethers in Aqueous Solution 257

13.4 Interaction with Surfactants 262

13.5 Clouding 263

References 265

14 New Developments in the Commercial Utilization of Lignosulfonates 269
Rolf Andreas Lauten, Bernt O. Myrvold and Stig Are Gundersen

14.1 Introduction 269

14.2 Lignosulfonates 269

14.3 Lignosulfonate Production 271

14.4 Environmental Issues 272

14.5 Lignosulfonates as Stabilizers for Emulsions and Suspoemulsions 274

14.6 Superplasticizers for Concrete 279

14.7 Summary 280

Acknowledgements 281

References 281

15 Dispersion Stabilizers Based on Inulin 285
Tharwat Tadros and Bart Levecke

15.1 Introduction 285

15.2 Solution Properties of Long-Chain Inulin and Hydrophobically Modified Inulin (HMI) 288

15.3 Interfacial Aspects of HMI at Various Interfaces 289

15.4 Emulsions Stabilized Using HMI 290

15.5 Emulsion Polymerization Using HMI 293

15.6 Use of HMI for Preparation and Stabilization of Nanoemulsions 295

References 300

Index 303