Polyethylene

1 - Table of Content [Seite 6]
2 - Introduction [Seite 10]
3 - 1 Educational Minimum: Manufacture, Structure, and Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 14]
3.1 - 1.1 Classification and Applications of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 14]
3.2 - 1.2 Catalysts for Synthesis of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 17]
3.3 - 1.3 Industrial Processes for the Manufacture of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 19]
3.4 - 1.4 Chemistry of Ethylene Polymerization Reactions [Seite 21]
3.5 - 1.5 Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers and Methods of its Analysis [Seite 24]
3.6 - 1.6 Examples of Molecular Weight Distribution of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 27]
3.7 - 1.7 Copolymer Statistics and its Application to Description of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins [Seite 33]
3.8 - 1.8 Compositional Uniformity of Commercial Polyethylene Resins [Seite 35]
3.9 - 1.9 Morphology of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 39]
3.10 - 1.10 Mechanical Deformation of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 42]
3.11 - References [Seite 44]
4 - 2 Melt Index and Melt Flow Ratio of Polyethylene Resin [Seite 48]
4.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 48]
4.2 - 2.2 Basics of Polymer Rheology [Seite Melt Flow Through a Capillary50]
4.2.1 - 2.2.1 Flow of Polymer Melt Through a Cylindrical Capillary [Seite 52]
4.2.2 - 2.2.2 Melt Index of Newtonian Liquid [Seite 53]
4.3 - 2.3 Melt Flow of Monodisperse Polyethylene Resins [Seite 54]
4.4 - 2.4 Additivity Rules for Viscosity [Seite Calculation of Melt Indexes and Melt Flow Ratios from Molecular Weight Distribution Data56]
4.4.1 - 2.4.1 Additivity Rules for Zero-Shear Viscosity .0 [Seite 56]
4.4.2 - 2.4.2 Additivity Rules for Effective Viscosity and General Expressions for Flow of Non-Newtonian Multi-Component Melt [Seite 57]
4.5 - 2.5 Examples of Melt Flow Rates and Melt Flow Ratios for Polyethylene Resins of Different Types [Seite 61]
4.5.1 - 2.5.1 LLDPE Resins Produced with Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts [Seite 61]
4.5.2 - 2.5.2 HDPE Resins with Broad Molecular Weight Distributions [Seite 64]
4.5.3 - 2.5.3 Effect of Long-Chain Branching [Seite 66]
4.6 - References [Seite 67]
5 - 3 Melting Point of Polyethylene Resin [Seite 70]
5.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 70]
5.2 - 3.2 Melting Point of HDPE Resin [Seite 71]
5.3 - 3.3 DSC Melting Curves and Melting Points of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins Produced with Single-Site Catalysts [Seite 74]
5.3.1 - 3.3.1 Crystallization Process of Compositionally Uniform Ethylene/a-Olefin Copolymers [Seite 77]
5.3.2 - 3.3.2 Model for Secondary Crystallization [Seite 78]
5.3.3 - 3.3.3 Combined DSC Model for LLDPE and VLDPE Resins [Seite 79]
5.4 - 3.4 DSC Melting Curves and Melting Points of LLDPE Resins Produced with Multi-Site Ziegler-Natta Catalysts [Seite 81]
5.5 - References [Seite 84]
6 - 4 Crystallinity Degree and Density of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 86]
6.1 - 4.1 Crystallinity Degree [Seite 86]
6.1.1 - 4.1.1 Measurement Methods [Seite 86]
6.1.2 - 4.1.2 Definition of Crystallinity Degree of LLDPE and VLDPE Resins Based on Copolymer Statistics [Seite 88]
6.2 - 4.2 Density [Seite 89]
6.2.1 - 4.2.1 Measurement Methods [Seite 90]
6.2.2 - 4.2.2 Physical Meaning of Polyethylene Density [Seite 90]
6.3 - References [Seite 93]
7 - 5 End-Use Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Film [Seite 96]
7.1 - 5.1 Mechanical Properties of Polyethylene Resins [Seite 96]
7.1.1 - 5.1.1 Effect of Testing Speed on Mechanical Properties [Seite 97]
7.1.2 - 5.1.2Orientation in Polyethylene Film [Seite 98]
7.2 - 5.2 Dart Impact Strength of LLDPE Film [Seite 100]
7.2.1 - 5.2.1 Description of Dart Impact Test [Seite 100]
7.2.2 - 5.2.2 Model of Dart Impact Test [Seite 102]
7.2.2.1 - 5.2.2.1 Effects of Mechanical Properties of Resins [Seite 105]
7.2.2.2 - 5.2.2.2 Comparison of Film Made from Ethylene/Butene and Ethylene/Hexene Copolymers [Seite 106]
7.2.2.3 - 5.2.2.3 Effect of Copolymer Composition [Seite 107]
7.2.2.4 - 5.2.2.4 Compositionally Uniform and Compositionally Nonuniform Resins [Seite 108]
7.3 - 5.3 Tear Strength of LLDPE and LDPE Film [Seite 110]
7.3.1 - 5.3.1 Description of Tear Test [Seite 110]
7.3.2 - 5.3.2Physical Details of Tear Test [Seite 110]
7.3.3 - 5.3.3Model of Tear Test [Seite 115]
7.3.3.1 - 5.3.3.1 Effect of Pendulum Speed [Seite 120]
7.3.3.2 - 5.3.3.2 Effects of Mechanical Properties of Resins [Seite 120]
7.3.3.3 - 5.3.3.3 Effect of Film Orientation [Seite 121]
7.3.3.4 - 5.3.3.4 Comparison of Tear Strength of Ethylene/Butene and Ethylene/Hexene Copolymers [Seite 123]
7.3.3.5 - 5.3.3.5Low Density Polyethylene [Seite 123]
7.4 - 5.4 Comparison of Factors Determining Results of Tear Test and Dart Impact Test of LLDPE Film [Seite 124]
7.5 - References [Seite 125]
8 - 6 End-Use Testing of High Molecular Weight HDPE and MDPE Resins [Seite 128]
8.1 - 6.1 Top Load Test of HDPE Containers [Seite 128]
8.1.1 - 6.1.1 Mechanics of Top Load Test [Seite 129]
8.2 - 6.2 Dynamic Burst Test of HDPE Tubing and Pipes [Seite 131]
8.3 - 6.3 Static Burst Test and Long-Term Fatigue in Polyethylene [Seite 132]
8.3.1 - 6.3.1 Principal Equation for Low-Stress Failure [Seite 133]
8.3.2 - 6.3.2 Physical Mechanism of Polymer Failure under Low Stress [Seite 135]
8.4 - 6.4 Environmental Stress-Cracking Resistance [Seite 138]
8.4.1 - 6.4.1 Description of ESCR Test [Seite 138]
8.4.2 - 6.4.2 Physics of Environmental Stress Cracking [Seite 139]
8.4.3 - 6.4.3 Structural Parameters of HDPE Resins Affecting ESCR [Seite 140]
8.4.4 - 6.4.4 Relationship between ESCR and Long-Term Fatigue in Polyethylene [Seite 143]
8.4.5 - 6.4.5 Mechanism of Environmental Stress Cracking [Seite 145]
8.5 - References [Seite 148]
9 - Index [Seite 152]