Uncertain Causation in Medical Liability

Introduction
Section 1-A Society of Risks and Uncertainty
Section 2-Uncertainty in Medical Malpractice
Section 3-Jurisdictions, Fields of Law, and Methodology
Section 4-Structure
Chapter 1: Problems in the Proof of Causation
Section 1-Proof of Causation
Section 2-Evidence in the Four Jurisdictions
Section 3-The Impact of Scientific Uncertainties on the Proof of Causation
Chapter 2: Flexibility .
Section 1-Importance and Mutability of the Traditional Standards .
Section 2-Flexibility and Independence of the Judiciary .
Section 3-Flexibility in Light of Expert Controversies
Chapter 3: Reversal of the Burden of Proving Causation .
Section 1-Common Law . . .
Section 2-Civil Law . .
Section 3-Critical Analysis .
Chapter 4: Probabilistic Assessment of Damages .
Section 1-Loss of Chance
Section 2-Market-share Liability .
Section 3-Critical Analysis (Loss of Chance)
Chapter 5: Inferences of Causation
Section 1-Inferences and Factual Presumptions . .
Section 2-The Development of Justifications
Section 3-Critical Analysis
Final Analysis and Conclusion
Section 1-General Review .
Section 2-Review of the Critique of the Solutions
Section 3-The Alternative-Cumulative Causes Distinction . .
Section 4-Flexibility and the Evidential Solution
Section 5-Alternative Solutions?