Introductory Biomechanics E-Book

Introduction Chapter 1 Fundamentals of force What is force? What does mechanical force do Scalar or Vector? Drawing vectors Point of application Force magnitude and change in motion The force of muscles Magnitude of moments Direction of moments Chapter 2 Gravity, mass and stability Gravity: the ultimate force Centre of mass Calculating the centre of mass. Moments created by mass Stability Local and general stability Standing balance Chapter 3 Force analysis: Graphs and maths How do forces combine? The Q-angle and knee pain Measuring force Using mathematics to resolve force Chapter 4 Forces and motion Inertia Moment of inertia Linear momentum Rotational momentum Conservation of angular momentum Newton's second law: Impulse and momentum Newton's third law: Action and reaction Bodies in contact: pressure and friction Centre of pressure Friction Chapter 5 Work and machines Work Muscles at work Direction of work Using machines to do work Categories of levers Velocity ratio More advanced machines Pulleys The power of work Efficiency Practical problems on force and human movement Chapter 6 Stress and strain Definitions Stress Strain Stress-strain relationship and stiffness A few other properties of materials Chapter 7 Composition and mechanical properties of connective tissue Connective tissue Skin Muscle Bone Articular cartilage Tissue remodelling Inactivity (immobilisation) Maturation Effect of ageing Effect of recent history Temperature Science of stretch Chapter 8 Flow Relative density Hydrostatic pressure Archimedes principle, buoyancy and Pascal's law Take the pressure off Air pressure Mechanics of flow Drag Bernoulli's principle Blood flow: haemodynamics Chapter 9 Energy and movement What energy is Potential and kinetic energy Elastically stored potential energy Energy conservation Muscle energy Measuring energy during movement Chapter 10 Therapeutic application of force Mobilization techniques Static stretching Respiratory techniques Hydrotherapy Orthoses Dynamic wrist splints