The Physiotherapist's Pocketbook E-Book

Name: The Physiotherapist's Pocketbook E-Book | Essential Facts at Your Fingertips
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Essential Facts at Your Fingertips

Karen Kenyon Jonathan Kenyon(Autor*in)

Elsevier (Verlag)

3. Auflage

Erschienen am 6. Juni 2018

100 Seiten

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Front Cover
The Physiotherapist's Pocketbook
Copyright Page
Table Of Contents
Preface
Dedication
1 Neuromusculoskeletal anatomy
Musculoskeletal anatomy illustrations
Nerve pathways
Brachial plexus
Upper limb
Lumbosacral plexus
Axillary
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Posterior interosseous nerve
Sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Common peroneal nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve
Deep peroneal nerve
Obturator nerve
Femoral nerve
Brachial plexus
Lumbosacral plexus
Peripheral nerve motor innervation (from O'Brien 2010, with permission)
Muscle innervation chart (data from Standring 2015, with permission)
Upper limb
Lower limb
Muscles listed by function
Head and neck
Trunk
Scapula
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Fingers
Thumb
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Toes
Alphabetical listing of muscles
Abductor digiti minimi (foot)
Abductor digiti minimi (hand)
Abductor hallucis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor hallucis
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Adductor pollicis
Anconeus
Biceps brachii
Biceps femoris
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Coracobrachialis
Deltoid
Diaphragm
Dorsal interossei (foot)
Dorsal interossei (hand)
Erector spinae
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
External oblique
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (foot)
Flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand)
Flexor digitorum accessorius
Flexor digitorum brevis
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis longus
Gastrocnemius
Gemellus inferior
Gemellus superior
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gracilis
Iliacus
Iliocostalis cervicis
Iliocostalis lumborum
Iliocostalis thoracis
Inferior oblique
Infraspinatus
Intercostales externi
Intercostales interni
Internal oblique
Interspinales
Intertransversarii
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Longissimus capitis
Longissimus cervicis
Longissimus thoracis
Longus capitis
Longus colli
Lumbricals (foot)
Lumbricals (hand)
Multifidus
Obturator externus
Obturator internus
Opponens digiti minimi
Opponens pollicis
Palmar interossei
Palmaris longus
Pectineus
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Peroneus tertius
Piriformis
Plantar interossei
Plantaris
Popliteus
Pronator quadratus
Pronator teres
Psoas major
Psoas minor (not always present)
Quadratus femoris
Quadratus lumborum
Rectus abdominis
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Rectus femoris
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
Rotatores
Sartorius
Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior
Semimembranosus
Semispinalis capitis
Semispinalis cervicis
Semispinalis thoracis
Semitendinosus
Serratus anterior
Soleus
Spinalis (capitis*, cervicis*, thoracis)
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Sternocleidomastoid
Subscapularis
Superior oblique
Supinator
Supraspinatus
Tensor fascia lata
Teres major
Teres minor
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Transversus abdominis
Trapezius
Triceps brachii
Vastus intermedius
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
References and Further Reading
2 Neuromusculoskeletal assessment
Peripheral nerve sensory innervation
Dermatomes (from O'Brien 2010, with permission)
Myotomes
Reflexes
Key features of upper and lower motor neurone lesions
Upper motor neurone
Lower motor neurone
The Medical Research Council scale for muscle power
Common locations for palpation of pulses
Common musculoskeletal tests
Shoulder
Active compression test (O'Brien)
Anterior drawer test
Anterior slide test
Apprehension and relocation test (Fowler's sign)
Biceps load test I
Biceps load test II
Clunk test
Crank test
Crossed-arm adduction test (Apley scarf test)
Drop arm test (Codman's test)
External rotation lag sign
Hawkins-Kennedy impingement test
Hornblower's sign
Jerk test
Lift-off test
Load and shift test
Neer impingement test
Patte's test
Posterior drawer test
Speed's test
Sulcus sign
Supraspinatus (empty can) test
Yergason's test
Elbow
Elbow flexion test
Tennis elbow test (resisted)
Tennis elbow test (passive)
Tennis elbow test (resisted middle-finger extension)
Golfer's elbow test (resisted)
Golfer's elbow test (passive)
Pinch grip test
Posterolateral pivot shift test
Tinel's sign (at elbow)
Varus stress test
Valgus stress test
Wrist and hand
Carpal compression test
Finkelstein test
Froment's sign
Hand elevation test
Ligamentous instability test for the fingers
Lunotriquetral ballottement (Reagan's) test
Phalen's (wrist flexion) test
Reverse Phalen's test
Scaphoid shift (Watson's) test
Sweater finger sign
Tinel's sign (at the wrist)
Thumb grind test
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) load test
Wrist flexion and compression test
Pelvis
Compression test
Gaenslen's test
Gapping test (distraction)
Gillet's test
Piedallu's sign (sitting flexion)
Shear test
Standing flexion
Supine to sit (long sitting) test
Thigh thrust test (femoral shear test)
Hip
FABER test (Patrick's test)
Leg length test
Ober's sign
Quadrant test
Thomas test
Modified Thomas test
Trendelenburg's sign
Weber-Barstow Manoeuvre
Knee
Abduction (valgus) stress test
Adduction (varus) stress test
Anterior drawer test
Apley's test
Brush test
External rotation recurvatum test
Hughston plica test
Lachman's test
McConnell test for chondromalacia patellae
McMurray test
Patella apprehension (Fairbank's) test
Patellofemoral grind test (Clarke's sign)
Pivot shift test
Posterior drawer test
Posterior sag sign
Slocum test for anterolateral rotary instability
Slocum test for anteromedial rotary instability
Weight-bearing/rotation meniscal test (Thessaly or Disco test)
Ankle and foot
Anterior drawer sign
Syndesmosis squeeze test
Talar tilt
Thompson's test
Common vascular tests
Adson's manoeuvre
Elevated arm stress test (Ross test)
Homan's test
Provocation elevation test
Neurological tests
Finger-nose test
Heel-shin test
Hoffman reflex
Joint position sense
Light touch
Pin prick
Plantar reflex (Babinski)
Rapidly alternating movement
Romberg's test
Temperature
Two-point discrimination
Vibration sense
Neurodynamic tests
Upper limb neurodynamic tests
ULNT 1: Median nerve bias
ULNT 2a: Median nerve bias
ULNT 2b: Radial nerve bias
ULNT 3: Ulnar nerve bias
Slump test (Fig. 2.9)
Straight leg raise (Fig. 2.10)
Passive neck flexion (Fig. 2.11)
Femoral Nerve Slump Test (Fig. 2.12)
Cranial nerves
Glossary of terms used to evaluate clinical tests
True positive
False positive
True negative
False negative
Sensitivity and specificity
Positive predictive value (PPV)
Negative predictive value (NPV)
Common postures (from Kendall et al. 2005, with permission of Williams & Wilkins)
Ideal alignment
Kyphosis-lordosis posture
Swayback posture
Flat-back posture
Faulty alignment: posterior view
Trigger points
Normal joint range of movement
Shoulder
Elbow
Wrist
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Average range of segmental movement (from Middleditch & Oliver 2005, with permission)
Close packed positions and capsular patterns for selected joints
Classification of ligament and muscle sprains
Ligament sprains
Grade I/mild sprain
Grade II/moderate sprain
Grade III/severe sprain
Muscle strains
Grade I/mild strain
Grade II/moderate strain
Grade III/severe strain
Windows of achievement for gross motor developmental milestones
Joint hypermobility assessment
Beighton hypermobility score (Beighton et al 1973)
Nine-point Beighton hypermobility score
Five-part questionnaire for identifying joint hypermobility (Hakim & Graham 2003)
Complex regional pain syndrome
Budapest criteria: clinical diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome (Harden et al 2007)
Distribution of referred pain (Tortora & Derrickson 2017)
Red flags
Cauda equina syndrome (from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Clinical Knowledge Summaries 2017, with permission)
Spinal fracture (from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Clinical Knowledge Summaries 2017, with permission)
Cancer (from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Clinical Knowledge Summaries 2017, with permission)
Infection (such as discitis, vertebral osteomyelitis, or spinal epidural abscess) (from National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Clinical Knowledge Summaries 2017, with permission)
Inflammatory disease (axial spondyloarthritis) (from Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management 2017, with permission)
Psychosocial yellow flags (Accident Compensation Corporation 2004, with permission)
Attitudes and beliefs about back pain
Compensation issues
Diagnosis and treatment
Emotions
Family
Work
How to judge if a person is at risk for long-term work loss and disability
Musculoskeletal assessment
Subjective examination
Body chart
Behaviour of symptoms
Special questions
History of present condition
Past medical history
Drug history
Social history
Physical examination
Active and passive joint movements
Neurological tests
Palpation
References and Further Reading
3 Neurology
Neuroanatomy illustrations
Signs and symptoms of cerebrovascular lesions
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
Vertebral and basilar arteries
Signs and symptoms of injury to the lobes of the brain (adapted from Lindsay et al 2010, with permission)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Signs and symptoms of haemorrhage to other areas of the brain
Putamen
Thalamus
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Functional implications of spinal cord injury
Autonomic dysreflexia
Glossary of neurological terms
Modified Ashworth scale
Neurological assessment
Database
Subjective examination
Physical examination
Posture and balance
Voluntary movement
Involuntary movement
Tone
Reflexes
Muscle and joint range
Sensory
Functional activities
Gait
Exercise tolerance/fatigue
References and Further Reading
4 Respiratory
Respiratory anatomy illustrations
Respiratory volumes and capacities
Lung volumes
VT (tidal volume)
IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
ERV (expiratory reserve volume)
RV (residual volume)
MV (minimal volume)
Lung capacities
TLC (total lung capacity)
VC (vital capacity)
IC (inspiratory capacity)
FRC (functional residual capacity)
Chest X-rays
Analyzing chest X-rays
Patient's details
Left and right side
Is it anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA)? Supine or erect?
Is the patient positioned symmetrically?
Degree of inspiration
Exposure
Extrathoracic soft tissues
Invasive medical equipment
Bony structures
Intercostal spaces
Trachea
Hila
Heart
Diaphragm
Auscultation
Breath sounds
Normal
Abnormal (bronchial breathing)
Diminished
Added sounds
Crackles
Wheeze
Pleural rub
Voice sounds
Abnormal breathing patterns
Pursed-lip breathing
Paradoxical breathing
Hoover sign
Kussmaul breathing
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Apneustic breathing
Percussion note
Sputum analysis (Thomas et al 2016, with permission)
Clubbing
Schamroth's test and window sign
Capillary refill test
Differential diagnosis of chest pain (data from Thomas et al 2016, with permission)
Pleura (pleurisy)
Pulmonary embolus
Pneumothorax
Tracheitis
Tumours
Rib fracture
Muscular
Costochondritis and Tietze syndrome
Neuralgia
Acute coronary syndrome: angina/myocardial infarction
Pericardium (pericarditis)
Dissecting aortic aneurysm
Oesophageal
Mediastinal shift
Arterial blood gas analysis
Interpreting acid-base disorders
Assessment
Compensation
Simple acid-base disorders
Base excess
Respiratory failure
Type I (hypoxaemic respiratory failure)
Type II (ventilatory failure)
Arterial blood gas classification of respiratory failure
Nasal cannula
Common modes of mechanical ventilation
Continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV)
Intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)
Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV)
Pressure support (PS)
Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
Cardiorespiratory monitoring
Arterial blood pressure (ABP)
Cardiac output (CO)
Cardiac index (CI)
Central venous pressure (CVP)
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
Ejection fraction (EF)
Heart rate (HR)
Intracranial pressure (ICP)
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Oxygen saturation (SpO2)
Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP)
Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP)
Respiratory rate (RR)
Stroke volume (SV)
Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
ECGs
Examples of ECGs
Normal sinus rhythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular ectopics or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
Biochemical and haematological studies
Blood serum studies
Haematological studies
Treatment techniques
Positioning
Adult
Children and infants
Postural drainage
Contraindications and precautions for head-down position (Harden et al 2009, with permission)
Precautions
Manual chest clearance techniques
Active cycle of breathing technique (ACBT)
Contraindications
Precautions
Airway suction
Contraindications
Precautions
Adverse effects
Manual hyperinflation (MHI)
Contraindications
Adverse effects
Intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)
Effects
Contraindications
Tracheostomies
Indications
Types of tube
Metal or plastic
Cuffed or uncuffed
Fenestrated
Single or double lumen
Mini tracheostomy
Complications
Respiratory assessment
Database
Subjective examination
Objective examination
Charts
+ ITU/HDU charts
X-rays and other diagnostic imaging (e.g. MRI, CT)
Observation
Palpation
Auscultation
Functional ability
References and Further Reading
5 Pathology
Alphabetical listing of pathologies
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
AIDs (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
Alzheimer's disease
Ankylosing spondylitis (axial spondyloarthritis)
Asthma
Axonotmesis
Baker's cyst
Bell's palsy
Boutonnière deformity
Broca's aphasia
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiolitis
Bronchitis
Brown-Sequard syndrome
Bulbar palsy
Bursitis
Cauda equina syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cerebral palsy
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Chondromalacia patellae
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Claw toe
Coccydynia
Compartment syndrome
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
Contracted shoulder (Adhesive capsulitis)
Coxa vara
Cubital tunnel syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
De Quervain's syndrome
Dermatomyositis
Developmental coordination disorder
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus
Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Dupuytren's contracture
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Emphysema
Empyema
Enteropathic arthritis
Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia)
Fibromyalgia
Forestier's disease
Freiberg's disease
Functional neurological disorder
Ganglion
Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)
Gout
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
Haemothorax
Hallux valgus
Hammer toe
Herpes zoster
Horner's syndrome
Huntingdon's disease
Hypermobility spectrum disorder (previously known as joint hypermobility syndrome)
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperventilation syndrome
Hypothyroidism
Interstitial lung disease
Jones fracture
Köhler's disease
Locked-in syndrome
Lung abscess
Mallet finger
March fracture
Marfan syndrome (MFS)
Meningitis
Meralgia paraesthetica
Morton's neuroma (metatarsalgia)
Motor neurone disease
Progressive muscle atrophy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Progressive bulbar palsy
Primary lateral sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Relapsing/remitting (RRMS)
Secondary progressive (SPMS)
Benign (BMS)
Primary progressive (PPMS)
Muscular dystrophy
Myalgic encephalomyelitis
Myasthenia gravis
Myeloma (also known as multiple myeloma)
Myositis ossificans
Myotonic dystrophy
Neuropraxia
Neurotmesis
Osgood-Schlatter's disease
Osteoarthritis
Osteochondritis
Osteochondritis dissecans
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Paget's disease
Parkinson's disease
Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome
Peripheral nerve injury
Perthes' disease
Piriformis syndrome
Plantar fasciitis
Pleural effusion
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Poliomyelitis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Polymyositis
Postpolio syndrome
Postural (orthostatic) tachycardia syndrome (PoTS)
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Pseudobulbar palsy
Psoriatic arthritis
Pulmonary embolus
Pulmonary oedema
Raynaud's phenomenon
Reactive arthritis
Receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia)
Right hemisphere language disorders
Reiter's syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rickets
Sarcoidosis
Scheuermann's disease
Septic arthritis
Sever's disease
Shingles
Sickle-cell disease (Sickle-cell anaemia)
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson's disease
Sjögren's syndrome
Sleep apnoea
Spina bifida
Spina bifida occulta
Spina bifida cystica
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA)
Spinal stenosis
Spondyloarthritis (also known as seronegative spondyloarthropathy)
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Spondylosis
Stroke/cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Swan neck deformity
Syringomyelia
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)
Talipes equinovarus
Talipes calcaneovalgus
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Tenosynovitis
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Torticollis
Congenital torticollis
Acquired torticollis
Transverse myelitis
Trigeminal neuralgia
Trigger finger
Tuberculosis
Wernicke's aphasia
Diagnostic imaging
Plain radiography (X-rays)
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Radionuclide scanning
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning
Ultrasound
Electrodiagnostic tests
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Evoked potentials (EP)
Nerve conduction studies
Electromyography (EMG)
6 Pharmacology
Drug classes
ACE inhibitors
Antibiotics
Antiemetics
Antiepileptics
Antiretrovirals
ß-blockers
Benzodiazepines
Bronchodilators
Calcium channel blockers
Corticosteroids
Diuretics
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Inotropes
Mucolytics
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Opioids
A-Z of drugs
Abacavir (antiretroviral - NRTI)
Acetylcysteine (mucolytic)
Aciclovir (antiviral)
Adalimumab (biological DMARD)
Adenosine (antiarrhythmic)
Adrenaline/epinephrine (sympathomimetic agent)
Alendronic acid/Alendronate (bisphosphonate)
Allopurinol (antigout)
Alteplase (fibrinolytic)
Amantadine (antiviral with dopamine activity)
Amiodarone (antiarrhythmic)
Amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant)
Amlodipine (calcium channel blocker)
Amoxicillin (penicillin antibiotic)
Ampicillin (penicillin antibiotic)
Anastrozole (antineoplastic hormone)
Aspirin (NSAID)
Atenolol (ß-adrenoceptor blocker)
Atorvastatin (statin)
Atracurium (neuromuscular blocker)
Atropine (antimuscarinic)
Azathioprine (immunosuppressant)
Azithromycin (macrolide)
Baclofen (skeletal muscle relaxant)
Beclometasone (corticosteroid)
Bendroflumethiazide (thiazide diuretic)
Benzylpenicillin (penicillin antibiotic)
Bisoprolol (ß-adrenoceptor blocker)
Botulinum toxin type A (neurotoxin)
Budesonide (corticosteroid)
Bumetanide (loop diuretic)
Buprenorphine (opioid with agonist and antagonist properties)
Calcitonin (salmon) (bone resorption inhibitor)
Captopril (ACE inhibitor)
Carbamazepine (antiepileptic)
Carbimazole (antithyroid drug)
Carvedilol (a- and ß-blocker)
Cefaclor (cephalosporin antibiotic)
Cefotaxime (cephalosporin antibiotic)
Cefuroxime (cephalosporin antibiotic)
Celecoxib (NSAID)
Certolizumab pegol (biological DMARD)
Chlorpromazine (antipsychotic)
Ciclosporin (immunosuppressant)
Cimetidine (anti-ulcer - H2-receptor antagonist)
Ciprofloxacin (antibacterial)
Citalopram (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Clarithromycin (macrolide antibiotic)
Clomipramine (tricyclic antidepressant)
Clonidine (a2-adrenoceptor agonist)
Clopidogrel (antiplatelet)
Codeine (opioid analgesic)
Co-trimoxazole (antibacterial)
Dexamethasone (corticosteroid)
Diazepam (benzodiazepine)
Didanosine (antiretroviral - NRTI)
Diclofenac (NSAID)
Digoxin (cardiac glycoside)
Dihydrocodeine (opioid analgesic)
Diltiazem (calcium channel blocker)
Docusate (stimulant laxative)
Dobutamine (inotropic sympathomimetic)
Domperidone (antiemetic)
Donepezil (anticholinesterase)
Dopamine (inotropic sympathomimetic)
Dornase alfa (mucolytic)
Dosulepin (tricyclic antidepressant)
Doxapram (respiratory stimulant)
Doxazosin (a1-adrenoceptor antagonist)
Duloxetine (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor)
Efavirenz (antiretroviral - nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Emtricitabine (Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Enalapril (ACE inhibitor)
Enfuvirtide (antiretroviral - entry inhibitor)
Epinephrine/adrenaline (sympathomimetic agent)
Erythromycin (macrolide antibiotic)
Estradiol (oestrogen for hormone replacement therapy)
Etanercept (biological DMARD)
Etidronate (bisphosphonate)
Exenatide (antidiabetic)
Fentanyl (opioid analgesic)
Ferrous sulphate (iron salt)
Flucloxacillin (penicillin antibiotic)
Fluoxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Furosemide/frusemide (loop diuretic)
Gabapentin (anticonvulsant)
Gentamicin (aminoglycoside antibiotic)
Glatiramer (immunomodulator)
Gliclazide (sulphonylurea)
Glyceryl trinitrate/GTN (organic nitrate)
Golimumab (biological DMARD)
Haloperidol (antipsychotic)
Heparin (anticoagulant)
Hydrocortisone (corticosteroid)
Hydroxychloroquine (conventional DMARD)
Hyoscine (muscarinic antagonist)
Ibuprofen (NSAID)
Imipramine (tricyclic antidepressant)
Insulin (peptide hormone)
Ipratropium (antimuscarinic)
Isosorbide mononitrate (organic nitrate)
Ivabradine (sinus node inhibitor)
Lactulose (osmotic laxative)
Lamivudine (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Lansoprazole (proton-pump inhibitor)
Leflunomide (conventional DMARD)
Levodopa/L-dopa (dopamine precursor)
Levothyroxine (thyroid hormone)
Lidocaine/lignocaine (local anaesthetic, class I antiarrhythmic agent)
Lisinopril (ACE inhibitor)
Lithium (antimanic)
Loperamide (antimotility)
Losartan (angiotensin-II receptor antagonist)
Macrogols (osmotic laxative)
Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)
Maraviroc (antiretroviral - entry inhibitor)
Meloxicam (NSAID)
Metformin (biguanide)
Methadone (opiate agonist)
Methotrexate (cytotoxic and immunosuppressive)
Metoclopramide (dopamine antagonist)
Metoprolol (ß-blocker)
Metronidazole (antimicrobial)
Midodrine (a1-adrenoceptor agonist)
Milrinone (phosphodiesterase inhibitor)
Morphine (opioid analgesic)
Naloxone (opioid antagonist)
Naproxen (NSAID)
Nevirapine (antiretroviral - non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Nicorandil (potassium-channel activator)
Nifedipine (calcium channel blocker)
Nimodipine (calcium channel blocker)
Noradrenaline/norepinephrine (sympathomimetic agent)
Omeprazole (proton-pump inhibitor)
Ondansetron (serotonin antagonist)
Orphenadrine (antimuscarinic)
Oxybutynin (antimuscarinic)
Oxycodone (strong opioid analgesic)
Pancuronium (muscle relaxant)
Paracetamol (nonopioid analgesic)
Paroxetine (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Phenytoin (anticonvulsant)
Piroxicam (NSAID)
Pizotifen (antimigraine)
Pramipexole (Non-ergot dopamine agonist)
Pravastatin (statin)
Prednisolone (corticosteroid)
Pregabalin (anticonvulsant)
Propranolol (ß-blocker)
Quinine (antimalarial)
Raloxifene (selective oestrogen receptor modulator - SERM)
Raltegravir (antiretroviral - integrase inhibitor)
Ramipril (ACE inhibitor)
Repaglinide (meglitinide)
Rifampicin (antituberculous agent)
Risperidone (antipsychotic)
Ritonavir (antiretroviral - protease inhibitor)
Rivastigmine (anticholinesterase)
Ropinirole (Non-ergot dopamine agonist)
Salbutamol (ß2-agonist)
Salmeterol (ß2-agonist)
Saquinavir (antiretroviral - protease inhibitor)
Senna (stimulant laxative)
Sertraline (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
Simvastatin (statin)
Sodium valproate (antiepileptic)
Streptokinase (fibrinolytic agent)
Sulfasalazine (aminosalicylate)
Sumatriptan (selective serotonin agonist)
Tamoxifen (anti-oestrogen)
Tamsulosin (a-blocker)
Temazepam (benzodiazepine)
Tenofovir (antiretroviral - NRTI)
Terbutaline (ß2-agonist)
Teriparatide (parathyroid hormone)
Tetracycline (tetracycline antibiotic)
Theophylline (methylxanthine)
Thiopental (barbiturate)
Tibolone (hormone replacement therapy)
Timolol (ß-blocker)
Tizanidine (a2-adrenoceptor agonist)
Tolterodine (antimuscarinic)
Tramadol (opioid analgesic)
Trastuzumab (antineoplastic)
Trazodone (antidepressant)
Trihexyphenidyl (antimuscarinic)
Valsartan (angiotensin-II receptor antagonist)
Vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic)
Venlafaxine (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor)
Verapamil (calcium channel blocker)
Warfarin (oral anticoagulant)
Zidovudine (nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
Zopiclone (non-benzodiazepine hypnotic)
Prescription abbreviations
Further Reading
Appendices
Appendix 1
Laboratory values
Biochemistry
Haematology
Conversions and units
Pounds/kg
Stones/kg
Mass
Length
Volume
Pressure
Appendix 2
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Prefixes and suffixes
Appendix 3
National Early Warning Score (NEWS2) for the acutely ill or deteriorating patient
Clinical response to the NEWS2 trigger thresholds
Appendix 4
Adult basic life support sequence
Paediatric basic life support algorithm (healthcare professionals with a duty to respond)
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Inside Back Cover

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