Convection and Substorms

Name: Convection and Substorms | Paradigms of Magnetospheric Phenomenology
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Paradigms of Magnetospheric Phenomenology

Charles F. Kennel(Autor*in)

OUP eBook (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 8. Februar 1996

429 Seiten

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Inhalt

Intro
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Geomagnetism
1.2 The Discovery of the Solar Wind and the Magnetosphere
1.3 Viscous Convection
1.4 Reconnection-Driven Convection
1.5 Petschek Reconnection
1.6 Substorms
1.7 Overview
1.8 The Equilibrium Magnetosphere
1.9 The Convecting Magnetosphere
1.10 Auroral and Magnetospheric Substorms
2. The Teardrop Magnetosphere
2.1 Introductory Remarks
2.2 The Teardrop Model
2.3 The Position and Shape of t he Magnetopause
2.4 The Thickness of the Magnetopause Current Layer
2.5 The Position and Shape of the Bow Shock
2.6 The Failure of Weak-Field MHD and the "Plasma Depletion Layer
2.7 Standing Slow and Intermediate Waves in the Magnetosheath
2.8 Summary
3. The Bell-Like Magnetosphere
3.1 Introductory Remarks
3.2 Geomagnetic Pulsations
3.3 Coupling of Magnetopause Motions to Resonant Alfven Waves
3.4 The Eigenmodes of the Magnetospheric Cavity
3.5 Observations of Standing Alfven Waves
3.6 Occurrence and Distribution of Slanding-Wave Harmonics
3.7 Observations of the Global Mode
3.8 Response of the Magnetosphere to Passing Solar Wind Structure
3.9 The Response of the Magnetosphere to Interplanetary Shocks
3.10 Magnetospheric Response to Solar Wind Tangential Discontinuities
3.11 Ionospheric Response to Sudden Pressure Variations in the Solar Wind
3.12 Quasiresonant Response to Solar Wind Pressure Pulses
3.13 Summary
4. The Viscous Magnetosphere
4.1 Introductory Remarks
4.2 The Low-Latitude Boundary Layer
4.3 Field-Aligned Currents
4.4 The Ionospheric Footprint of the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer
4.5 Micropulsations Associated with the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability
4.6 Vortex Auroras
4.7 Vortex Structures in the Plasma Sheet
4.8 The Boundary Layer in the Magnetospheric Tail
4.9 Boundary Layer Transport
4.10 Summary
5. The Reconnecting Magnetosphere
5.1 Introductory Remarks
5.2 The Polar Rain
5.3 The Polar Wind
5.4 The Auroral Oval
5.5 The Plasmasphere
5.6 Direct Evidence for Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection
5.7 Precipitation of Magnetosheath Plasma into the Dayside Ionosphere
5.8 Direct Entry of Solar Wind Plasma into the Magnetotail
5.9 Convection across the Tail Lobes
5.10 Average Tail Reconnection Region
5.11 Stratification of the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer
5.12 The Length of the Earth's Magnetic Tail
5.13 Interaction of the Two Convection Systems in the Ionosphere
5.14 Comparison of Viscosity- and Reconnection-Driven Transport
5.15 Discussion
6. Correlation of Geomagnetic Activity with the Solar Wind
6.1 Introductory Remarks
6.2 Correlation of Geomagnetic Activity with the Interplanetary Magnetic Field
6.3 Dependence of the Convection Rate upon the Interplanetary Field
6.4 Dependence of the Polar Cap Convection Pattern upon the Interplanetary Field
6.5 Dependence of Field-Aligned Currents upon the Interplanetary Field
6.6 Time-Dependent Response to the Changing Interplanetary Field
6.7 The Viscous Component of Geomagnetic Activity
6.8 Summary
7. The Reconnection Substorm
7.1 Introductory Remarks
7.2 Changes in Magnetopause Position during Substorm Growth Phase
7.3 Changes in the Geomagnetic Tail during Substorm Growth Phase
7.4 Development of Ionospheric Convection during Growth Phase
7.5 Development of Dayside Magnetospheric Convection During Growth Phase
7.6 Stimulation of Convection in the Tail Lobes
7.7 The "Nearer-Earth Neutral Line" Scenario
7.8 Observational Basis of the Nearer-Earth Neutral Line Model .
7.9 Plasmoids
7.10 Traveling Compression Regions
7.11 Plasmoid and TCR Timing
7.12 Discussion
8. Bursty Magnetopause Reconnection
8.1 Introductory Remarks
8.2 Bursts of Energetic Electronsand Ions near the Magnetopause
8.3 Flux Transfer Events
8.4 Locations of Reconnection Events Generating FTEs
8.5 The FTE Contribution to the Overall Convection Potential
8.6 Ionospheric Signatures of Impulsive Magnetopause Reconnection
8.7 Cusp-Region ULF Waves
8.8 Alfven Waves at the Equatorward Boundary of the Active Cusp
8.9 Ion Energy-Latitude Dispersion on Polar Cusp Field Lines
8.10 Bursty Ionospheric Flow Events
8.11 Transient Dayside Aurora
8.12 F-Region Density Patches
8.13 Summary
9. Bimodal Plasma Sheet Flow
9.1 Introductory Remarks
9.2 The Plasma Sheet Pressure Paradox
9.3 Statistical Properties of Plasma Sheet Transport
9.4 Bursts of Plasma Sheet Flow during Steady Solar Wind Conditions
9.5 Bursty Bulk Flow Events
9.6 Bimodal Plasma Sheet How
9.7 High-Speed Flows at Quiet Times
9.8 High-Speed Flows and Flux Ropes
9.9 High-Speed Flows, Plasmoids, Flux Ropes, and TCRs in the Distant Tail
9.10 Dependence of BBF/Plasmoid Properties upon Distance Downfall
9.11 Energetic Particle Bursts in the Midtail
9.12 Ion Bursts, High-Speed Flows, Boundary Layer Activations, and Bursty Reconnection
9.13 East-West Localization of BBF/Plasmoid/Particle Burst Generation Region
9.14 Tail Lobe Filaments
9.15 Flow Bursts in the Nightside Auroral Ionosphere
9.16 The Ionospheric Footprints of B ursty B ulk Flow Events
9.17 Comparison of FTE and BBF Flux Transfers
9.18 Synthesis
10. Convection for Northward Interplanetary Field
10.1 Introductory Remarks
10.2 Response of Pre-Existing Polar Cap Convection to Northward Field Shifts
10.3 Reconnection of Interplanetary and Tail-Lobe Field Lines
10.4 Signatures of Tail-Lobe Reconnection in Polar Orbit
10.5. Reverse Convection in the Polar Cap
10.6 Field- Aligned Currents
10.7 Seasonal and Day-Night Asymmetries of Polar Cap Convection
10.8 Global View of Polar Cap Aurora
10.9 Ground-Based View of Sun-Aligned Aurora
10.10 Evidence that Some Transpolar Arcs Are on Closed Field Lines
10.11 Relation between Sun-Aligned Arcs and Convection
10.12 Shrinkage of Tail Lobes in Northward Field Conditions
10.13 Evolution of Polar Cap Aurora during a Prolonged Northward Field Interval
10. 14 Polar Cap Convection in Conditions of the Most Extreme Geomagnetic Quiet
10.15 Discussion
11. The Nightside Auroral Oval
11.1 Introductory Remarks
11.2 Magnetic Field Mapping
11.3 Dependence of the Auroral "Oval" upon Geomagnetic Activity
11.4 Inherent Uncertainty in Mapping the Poleward Aurora
11.5 The Diffuse Aurora
11.6 Inverted Vs
11.7 Auroral Arcs
11.8 Diffuse and Discrete Aurora and their Relationship to Field- Aligned Currents
11.9 Arc Occurrence and the Interplanetary Field
11.10 The Harang Discontinuity
11.11 The Relationship between Arcs and Ionospheric Convection
11.12 The Relationship between Arcs and Inverted Vs
11.13 Ground Observations of Arcs at the Poleward B order of the Auroral Oval
11.14 The Poleward Border of the Oval and the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer
11.15 Auroral Kilometric Radiation and the Poleward Aurora
11.16 Physical Mapping of the Nightside Oval into the Plasma Sheet
11.17 Conjugacy
11.18 Concluding Remark
12. The Auroral Substorm
12.1 Introductory Remarks
12.2 Growth Phase in the Polar Cap
12.3 Growth Phase around the Auroral Oval
12.4 Classical Evening Sector Growth Phase
12.5 Pseudoexpansions
12.6 Precursors to Onset
12.7 Onset
12.8 Relation of Onset Arc to Other Auroral Oval Structures
12.9 The Westward Surge
12.10 The Expanding Auroral Bulge
12.11 Fine Structure of the Substorm Expansion
12.12 Proton Aurora Substorm
12.13 The Phases of the Auroral Substorm
12.14 The Relationship between the Auroral Bulge and the Poleward Aurora
12.15 Activity in the Poleward Arc System
12.16 Equatorward Auroral Activity during the Recovery Phase
12.17 The End of the Recovery Phase
12.18 Synthesis
13. The Geosynchronous Substorm
13.1 Development of a Tail-Like Field during the Growth Phase
13.2 How Thin Does the Current Sheet Get?
13.3 Dipolarization
13.4 Dispersionless Injections
13.5 The Substorm Current Wedge
13.6 Pi 1 and Pi 2 Pulsations and the Timing and Location of Substorm Onset
13.7 Generation of Midlatitude Pi 2
13.8 Azimuthal Propagation of Dipolarization near Geostationary Orbit
13.9 Size of Initial Dipolarization Region
13.10 Radial Propagation of Dipolarization
13.11 Plasmoids Escaping from the Geostationary Region
13.12 Plasma Sheet Dropouts in the Post-Geosynchronous Region
13.13 Plasma Sheet Recoveries in the Postgeosynchronous Region
13.14 Summary
14. Coordination of the Geosynchronous and Auroral Substorms
14.1 Introductory Remarks
14.2 The Auroral Expansion and Dipolarization
14.3 The Westward Surge and Dipolarization
14.4 Multiple Surge Intensification and Oscillatory Dipolarization
14.5 Dipolarization and Poleward Arc Brightening
14.6 Dependence of Plasma Composition on Solar and Geomagnetic Activity
14.7 Dependence of Plasma Sheet Composition on Auroral Activity
14.8 Injection of O+ into the Plasma Sheet during Substorm Expansion Phase
14.9 Variation of O+ in the Geosynchronous Region During Substorms
14.10 Discussion
15. Triggered Substorms
15.1 Introductory Remarks
15.2 Pseudo-Expansions
15.3 Triggering by Interplanetary Shocks and Other Compressions
15.4 Triggering by Northward Shifts of the Interplanetary Field
15.5 Quasiperiodic Substorm Recurrence
15.6 Summary and Discussion
16. On the Relation between Convection and Substorms
16.1 Introductory Remarks
16.2 Magnetopause Reconnection and the Stimulation of Dayside Convection
16.3 The Stimulation of Convection in the Tail
16.4 Multiple Tail Reconnection Events
16.5 Relation between Auroral and Geosynchronous Substorms
16.6 Ambiguity of Plasmoid Timing
16.7 Substorms with Two Active Phases
16.8 Plasma Sheet Recovery, Plasmoid Formation, and Activation of the Poleward Arcs
17. Epilogue
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W

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