1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright [Seite 6]
4 - Dedication [Seite 7]
5 - Contents [Seite 9]
6 - Preface [Seite 21]
7 - List of Contributors [Seite 23]
8 - About the Editors [Seite 27]
9 - Chapter 1 Basic Considerations for the Analyst for Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis in Animal Tissues [Seite 29]
9.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 29]
9.2 - 1.2 Pharmacokinetics [Seite 29]
9.3 - 1.3 Metabolism and Distribution [Seite 31]
9.4 - 1.4 Choice of Analytical Method [Seite 33]
9.5 - 1.5 Importance of Regulatory Limits [Seite 35]
9.5.1 - 1.5.1 Derivation of the Acceptable Daily Intake [Seite 35]
9.5.2 - 1.5.2 Derivation of the Acute Reference Dose [Seite 37]
9.5.3 - 1.5.3 Derivation of Maximum Residue Limits [Seite 38]
9.5.4 - 1.5.4 Derivation of Tolerances [Seite 40]
9.6 - 1.6 International Obligations for Regulatory Analytical Laboratories [Seite 41]
9.6.1 - 1.6.1 Laboratory Accreditation [Seite 41]
9.6.2 - 1.6.2 Validation of Analytical Methods [Seite 42]
9.6.3 - 1.6.3 Consistent Use of Terminology [Seite 43]
9.6.4 - 1.6.4 Sample Handling and Retention [Seite 44]
9.6.5 - 1.6.5 Confirmatory Analysis [Seite 45]
9.6.6 - 1.6.6 Quality Assurance Measures [Seite 47]
9.6.7 - 1.6.7 Proficiency Testing [Seite 47]
9.6.8 - 1.6.8 Reporting of Results [Seite 47]
9.7 - 1.7 Conclusions [Seite 49]
9.8 - References [Seite 49]
10 - Chapter 2 Emerging Techniques in Sample Extraction and Rapid Analysis [Seite 55]
10.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 55]
10.2 - 2.2 Sample Extraction [Seite 56]
10.2.1 - 2.2.1 Solvent Extraction and Protein Precipitation [Seite 57]
10.2.2 - 2.2.2 Phase Separation by Salt-Induced Partitioning [Seite 58]
10.2.3 - 2.2.3 Phase Separation by Low-Temperature Partitioning [Seite 58]
10.2.4 - 2.2.4 Physical Separation by ultra-filtration [Seite 59]
10.2.5 - 2.2.5 Sample Extraction with Green Chemistry Techniques [Seite 60]
10.3 - 2.3 Extract Clean-up with Solid-Phase Sorbents [Seite 62]
10.3.1 - 2.3.1 Solid-Phase Extraction Formats [Seite 63]
10.3.2 - 2.3.2 Solid-Phase Sorbent Chemistry [Seite 66]
10.4 - 2.4 Micro-extraction Techniques for Solvent and Sorbent Extraction [Seite 75]
10.4.1 - 2.4.1 Solvent Micro-extraction [Seite 75]
10.4.2 - 2.4.2 Sorbent Micro-extraction [Seite 79]
10.5 - 2.5 Emerging Techniques in Liquid Chromatography [Seite 82]
10.5.1 - 2.5.1 Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography [Seite 82]
10.5.2 - 2.5.2 Core-Shell Columns [Seite 82]
10.5.3 - 2.5.3 Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography [Seite 83]
10.5.4 - 2.5.4 Other Emerging LC Techniques [Seite 84]
10.6 - 2.6 Direct Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sample Extracts [Seite 85]
10.6.1 - 2.6.1 Flow Injection Mass Spectrometry [Seite 85]
10.6.2 - 2.6.2 Direct Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry [Seite 86]
10.6.3 - 2.6.3 Direct MS Considerations for Regulatory Analysis [Seite 93]
10.7 - 2.7 Ion Mobility Spectrometry [Seite 94]
10.8 - 2.8 Conclusions [Seite 95]
10.9 - References [Seite 96]
11 - Chapter 3 Capabilities and Limitations of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS): time-of-flight and OrbitrapTM [Seite 121]
11.1 - 3.1 Available Technology [Seite 121]
11.1.1 - 3.1.1 TOF [Seite 122]
11.1.2 - 3.1.2 OrbitrapTM [Seite 127]
11.2 - 3.2 Capabilities and Limitations of the Technology as Compared to LC-MS/MS (Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer) [Seite 132]
11.2.1 - 3.2.1 Selectivity [Seite 133]
11.2.2 - 3.2.2 Quantification [Seite 136]
11.2.3 - 3.2.3 Sensitivity [Seite 136]
11.2.4 - 3.2.4 Validation of HRMS-Based Methods [Seite 138]
11.2.5 - 3.2.5 Method Diagnosis Tools [Seite 140]
11.3 - 3.3 Analytical Methods for Veterinary Drug Residues [Seite 140]
11.3.1 - 3.3.1 Initial Applications (Non-antimicrobial Veterinary Drugs) [Seite 140]
11.3.2 - 3.3.2 Methods Limited to a Single-Drug Group [Seite 141]
11.3.3 - 3.3.3 Methods Covering Multiple-Drug Groups [Seite 142]
11.3.4 - 3.3.4 Method Components [Seite 143]
11.3.5 - 3.3.5 Residue Testing of Anabolic Steroids and Growth Promoters [Seite 147]
11.4 - 3.4 Doping Control [Seite 149]
11.4.1 - 3.4.1 GC-HRMS [Seite 149]
11.4.2 - 3.4.2 Accurate Mass LC-MS and LC-MS/MS in Doping Control [Seite 150]
11.4.3 - 3.4.3 "Dilutea and Shoot" with Accurate Mass LC-MS [Seite 151]
11.5 - 3.5 Accurate Mass MS in Research and Metabolism Studies [Seite 152]
11.6 - 3.6 Designer Drugs and Generic Detection Strategies [Seite 153]
11.6.1 - 3.6.1 Metabolomics in Food/Residue Analysis [Seite 155]
11.7 - 3.7 The Future of Accurate Mass Spectrometry in Residue Analysis [Seite 157]
11.8 - References [Seite 159]
12 - Chapter 4 Hormones and ??????-Agonists [Seite 169]
12.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 169]
12.2 - 4.2 Advances in Classical Analysis of Exogenous Synthetic Hormones [Seite 171]
12.2.1 - 4.2.1 Multi-methods: Multi-residue Methods (MRMs) and Multi-class, Multi-residue Methods (MCMRs) [Seite 171]
12.2.2 - 4.2.2 Alternatives in Sample Preparation and Clean-up [Seite 172]
12.2.3 - 4.2.3 Advances in Separation [Seite 183]
12.2.4 - 4.2.4 Advances in Detection [Seite 185]
12.2.5 - 4.2.5 Classic and New Analytical Matrices [Seite 188]
12.2.6 - 4.2.6 Conclusions on Analysis of Exogenous Synthetic Hormones [Seite 189]
12.3 - 4.3 Bio-Based Screening Methods for Steroid Hormones, ??????-Agonists, and Growth Hormones [Seite 189]
12.3.1 - 4.3.1 Estrogens [Seite 190]
12.3.2 - 4.3.2 Androgens [Seite 194]
12.3.3 - 4.3.3 Metabolic Profiling Assay to Detect Abuse of Estrogens and Androgens [Seite 199]
12.3.4 - 4.3.4 Progestagens and Glucocorticoids [Seite 199]
12.3.5 - 4.3.5 Thyreostatics [Seite 201]
12.3.6 - 4.3.6 ??????-Agonists [Seite 203]
12.3.7 - 4.3.7 Growth Hormones [Seite 205]
12.3.8 - 4.3.8 Conclusions and Future Developments in Bio-Based Screening Methods [Seite 207]
12.4 - 4.4 Natural Hormones [Seite 208]
12.4.1 - 4.4.1 Natural Compounds Formed During the Digestion Process [Seite 210]
12.4.2 - 4.4.2 Feed-Related Compounds [Seite 211]
12.4.3 - 4.4.3 The Natural Hormones 17??????-Estradiol, 17??????-Testosterone, and Progesterone [Seite 214]
12.4.4 - 4.4.4 Nortestosterone [Seite 217]
12.4.5 - 4.4.5 Boldenone [Seite 220]
12.4.6 - 4.4.6 Protein Hormones [Seite 223]
12.4.7 - 4.4.7 Future Perspectives (Natural Hormones) [Seite 227]
12.5 - 4.5 Control for Synthetic ??????-Agonists: Screening and Confirmatory Methods [Seite 227]
12.5.1 - 4.5.1 Basic Information on Nature and Regulatory Controls [Seite 227]
12.5.2 - 4.5.2 Mechanism of Action [Seite 229]
12.5.3 - 4.5.3 Therapeutic Use and Abuse [Seite 230]
12.5.4 - 4.5.4 Absorption and Elimination [Seite 231]
12.5.5 - 4.5.5 Bioavailability and Residues [Seite 231]
12.5.6 - 4.5.6 Determination in Biological Materials [Seite 232]
12.5.7 - 4.5.7 Future Perspective (??????-Agonists) [Seite 236]
12.6 - References [Seite 238]
13 - Chapter 5 Analysis of Anthelmintic and Anticoccidial Drug Residues in Animal-Derived Foods [Seite 273]
13.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 273]
13.2 - 5.2 Chemistry and Mode of Action [Seite 274]
13.2.1 - 5.2.1 Benzimidazoles [Seite 274]
13.2.2 - 5.2.2 Imidazothiazoles [Seite 277]
13.2.3 - 5.2.3 Tetrahydropyrimidines [Seite 277]
13.2.4 - 5.2.4 Organophosphates [Seite 278]
13.2.5 - 5.2.5 Flukicides [Seite 279]
13.2.6 - 5.2.6 Macrocyclic Lactones [Seite 279]
13.2.7 - 5.2.7 Other Anthelmintic Drugs [Seite 280]
13.2.8 - 5.2.8 Ionophores [Seite 283]
13.2.9 - 5.2.9 Chemical Anticoccidials [Seite 286]
13.3 - 5.3 Legislation [Seite 286]
13.4 - 5.4 Sample Preparation Protocols for Anti-parasitic Agents in Food Matrices [Seite 292]
13.4.1 - 5.4.1 Selective Sample Preparation Procedures for HPLC-UV/FL Methods [Seite 292]
13.4.2 - 5.4.2 Selective Sample Preparation Procedures for LC-MS and LC-MS/MS [Seite 295]
13.4.3 - 5.4.3 Multi-class Sample Preparation Procedures [Seite 301]
13.5 - 5.5 LC-MS and GC-MS Detection of Anti-parasitic Agents in Food [Seite 303]
13.5.1 - 5.5.1 Benzimidazole and Levamisole [Seite 303]
13.5.2 - 5.5.2 Macrocyclic Lactones [Seite 305]
13.5.3 - 5.5.3 Flukicides [Seite 306]
13.5.4 - 5.5.4 Other Anthelmintic Drugs [Seite 306]
13.5.5 - 5.5.5 Multi-residue Methods That Combine Different Anthelmintic or Drug Groups [Seite 307]
13.5.6 - 5.5.6 Ionophore Anticoccidial Agents [Seite 307]
13.5.7 - 5.5.7 Chemical Anticoccidials [Seite 310]
13.5.8 - 5.5.8 Applications of GC-MS [Seite 313]
13.5.9 - 5.5.9 Multi-residue Anticoccidial Methods [Seite 314]
13.5.10 - 5.5.10 Multi-class Methods [Seite 318]
13.6 - 5.6 Conclusions [Seite 320]
13.7 - References [Seite 321]
14 - Chapter 6 Sedatives and Tranquilizers [Seite 339]
14.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 339]
14.2 - 6.2 Classification and Representative Compounds [Seite 340]
14.3 - 6.3 Use of Sedatives and Tranquilizers to Prevent Stress Syndrome during the Transport of Pigs to Slaughter [Seite 340]
14.4 - 6.4 Sedatives and Tranquilizers with an Approved Veterinary Use in Food-Producing Animals [Seite 342]
14.4.1 - 6.4.1 Azaperone [Seite 343]
14.4.2 - 6.4.2 Carazolol [Seite 346]
14.4.3 - 6.4.3 Xylazine [Seite 350]
14.5 - 6.5 Sedatives and Tranquilizers without an Approved Veterinary Use in Food-Producing Animals [Seite 353]
14.5.1 - 6.5.1 Chlorpromazine [Seite 353]
14.5.2 - 6.5.2 Propionylpromazine (Propiopromazine) [Seite 355]
14.5.3 - 6.5.3 Acepromazine (Acetylpromazine) [Seite 356]
14.5.4 - 6.5.4 Diazepam [Seite 357]
14.5.5 - 6.5.5 Haloperidol [Seite 359]
14.5.6 - 6.5.6 Ketamine [Seite 361]
14.6 - 6.6 Cocktails [Seite 363]
14.7 - 6.7 Issues of Environmental Contamination [Seite 363]
14.8 - 6.8 Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) [Seite 364]
14.9 - 6.9 Systematic Veterinary Control over Residues and Surveillance Studies [Seite 364]
14.10 - 6.10 Analyte Stability [Seite 367]
14.11 - 6.11 Analytical Methods for Determination of Residues [Seite 368]
14.11.1 - 6.11.1 Matrices [Seite 369]
14.11.2 - 6.11.2 Extraction from the Matrix [Seite 369]
14.11.3 - 6.11.3 Clean-up of Sample Extracts [Seite 378]
14.11.4 - 6.11.4 Measurement Techniques [Seite 379]
14.11.5 - 6.11.5 Contemporary Sample Preparation Techniques [Seite 385]
14.12 - 6.12 Performance and Validation of the Analytical Methods [Seite 389]
14.13 - References [Seite 390]
15 - Chapter 7 The Use of Pyrethroids, Carbamates, Organophosphates, and Other Pesticides in Veterinary Medicine [Seite 411]
15.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 411]
15.1.1 - 7.1.1 History of Pesticide Use in Veterinary Medicine [Seite 412]
15.1.2 - 7.1.2 Development of Chemical Pesticides [Seite 413]
15.2 - 7.2 Veterinary Drug Properties, Structures, and Regulation [Seite 414]
15.2.1 - 7.2.1 Organochlorines [Seite 414]
15.2.2 - 7.2.2 Pyrethrins and Synthetic Pyrethroids [Seite 415]
15.2.3 - 7.2.3 Organophosphates and Carbamates [Seite 419]
15.2.4 - 7.2.4 Formamidines [Seite 422]
15.2.5 - 7.2.5 Insect Growth Regulators [Seite 423]
15.2.6 - 7.2.6 Phenylpyrazoles and Neonicotinoids [Seite 424]
15.2.7 - 7.2.7 Synergists [Seite 424]
15.2.8 - 7.2.8 Regulation and Maximum Residue Limits [Seite 425]
15.3 - 7.3 Toxicology, Pharmacokinetics, and Metabolism [Seite 427]
15.3.1 - 7.3.1 Pyrethroids [Seite 428]
15.3.2 - 7.3.2 Organophosphates and Carbamates [Seite 429]
15.3.3 - 7.3.3 Formamidines [Seite 430]
15.3.4 - 7.3.4 Insect Growth Regulators [Seite 431]
15.3.5 - 7.3.5 Phenylpyrazoles and Neonicotinoids [Seite 431]
15.4 - 7.4 Analytical Methods [Seite 431]
15.4.1 - 7.4.1 Detection Methods [Seite 432]
15.4.2 - 7.4.2 Extraction Methods [Seite 436]
15.5 - 7.5 Conclusion [Seite 442]
15.6 - References [Seite 443]
16 - Chapter 8 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs [Seite 455]
16.1 - 8.1 Introduction: What Are Pain Killers (Analgesics) and NSAIDs? [Seite 455]
16.1.1 - 8.1.1 The Salicylates [Seite 467]
16.1.2 - 8.1.2 Arylacetic Acid Derivatives: Pyrrole Acetic Acid Derivatives [Seite 467]
16.1.3 - 8.1.3 2-Arylpropionic Acid Derivatives (Profens) [Seite 467]
16.1.4 - 8.1.4 Arylalkanoic Acid Derivatives (Indene/Indole Acetic Acid Derivatives) [Seite 468]
16.1.5 - 8.1.5 N-Anthranilic Acid Derivatives (Fenamic Acid Derivatives or Fenamates) [Seite 468]
16.1.6 - 8.1.6 Coxibs or Cox-2-Selective Inhibitors [Seite 468]
16.1.7 - 8.1.7 Oxicams or Enolic Acid Derivatives (Prodrugs) [Seite 469]
16.1.8 - 8.1.8 The Anilides [Seite 469]
16.1.9 - 8.1.9 Phenylpyrazolones [Seite 469]
16.2 - 8.2 Veterinary Drug Properties, Structures, and Regulation [Seite 469]
16.3 - 8.3 Pharmacokinetics/Metabolism [Seite 470]
16.4 - 8.4 Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) [Seite 472]
16.5 - 8.5 Maximum Residue Limits/Tolerances [Seite 473]
16.6 - 8.6 Analysis of NSAID Residues in Food [Seite 476]
16.6.1 - 8.6.1 Single Analyte Methods [Seite 477]
16.6.2 - 8.6.2 Multi-analyte Methods [Seite 488]
16.7 - 8.7 Literature Reviews of Analytical Methods for NSAIDs in Biological Samples [Seite 502]
16.8 - 8.8 New Developments in NSAIDs [Seite 503]
16.9 - 8.9 Conclusion [Seite 504]
16.10 - References [Seite 505]
17 - Chapter 9 Certain Dyes as Pharmacologically Active Substances in Fish Farming and Other Aquaculture Products [Seite 525]
17.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 525]
17.2 - 9.2 Therapeutic Applications and Chemistry of Certain Dyes Used in Fish Farming [Seite 528]
17.2.1 - 9.2.1 Triarylmethanes [Seite 529]
17.2.2 - 9.2.2 Phenothiazines [Seite 532]
17.2.3 - 9.2.3 Xanthenes [Seite 533]
17.2.4 - 9.2.4 Acridines [Seite 533]
17.2.5 - 9.2.5 Azo Dyes [Seite 534]
17.3 - 9.3 Toxicological Issues [Seite 534]
17.3.1 - 9.3.1 Triarylmethanes [Seite 534]
17.3.2 - 9.3.2 Phenothiazines [Seite 535]
17.3.3 - 9.3.3 Xanthenes [Seite 536]
17.3.4 - 9.3.4 Acridines [Seite 536]
17.3.5 - 9.3.5 Azo Dyes [Seite 537]
17.4 - 9.4 Regulatory Issues [Seite 537]
17.5 - 9.5 Analytical Methods for Residue Control [Seite 539]
17.5.1 - 9.5.1 Procedures to Extract and Analyze Triphenylmethane Dye Residues in Fish and Shellfish Muscle [Seite 545]
17.5.2 - 9.5.2 Analytical Methods for Other Dyes in Seafood [Seite 548]
17.5.3 - 9.5.3 Multi-class Dye Residue Analysis Methods [Seite 551]
17.5.4 - 9.5.4 Bioanalytical Screening Methods [Seite 552]
17.5.5 - 9.5.5 Other Notable Analytical Procedures [Seite 553]
17.6 - 9.6 Recent Trading Issues with Dye Alerts [Seite 554]
17.7 - 9.7 Conclusions [Seite 559]
17.8 - References [Seite 559]
18 - Chapter 10 Method Validation and Quality Assurance/Quality Control Approaches for Multi-residue Methods [Seite 577]
18.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 577]
18.2 - 10.2 Sources of Guidance on Method Validation [Seite 578]
18.2.1 - 10.2.1 CAC Guidelines [Seite 580]
18.2.2 - 10.2.2 European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC [Seite 582]
18.3 - 10.3 Practical Considerations [Seite 585]
18.3.1 - 10.3.1 Scope of the MRM [Seite 585]
18.3.2 - 10.3.2 Dynamic Range [Seite 586]
18.3.3 - 10.3.3 Internal Standards [Seite 587]
18.4 - 10.4 Examples of Validation Protocols for MRMs [Seite 589]
18.4.1 - 10.4.1 Validation of MRMs Using LC-MS/MS [Seite 589]
18.4.2 - 10.4.2 Validation of MRMs Using Higher Resolution Mass Spectrometry [Seite 591]
18.5 - 10.5 Quality Assurance/Quality Control [Seite 593]
18.5.1 - 10.5.1 QC of Analytical Methods [Seite 593]
18.6 - 10.6 Conclusion [Seite 597]
18.7 - References [Seite 597]
19 - Index [Seite 603]
20 - EULA [Seite 642]
