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A vital resource that comprehensively covers advanced topics in applied electromagnetics for the professional
Electromagnetism (EM) is a highly abstract and complex subject that examines how exerting a force on charged particles is affected by the presence and motion of adjacent particles. The interdependence of the time varying electric and magnetic fields-one producing the other, and vice versa-has allowed researchers to consider them as a single coherent entity: the electromagnetic field. Under this umbrella, students can learn about numerous and varied topics, such as wireless propagation, satellite communications, microwave technology, EM techniques, antennas, and optics, among many others.
Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications covers advanced topics in applied electromagnetics for the professional by offering a comprehensive textbook that covers the basics of EM to the most advanced topics such as the classical electron theory of matters, the mechanics model and macroscopic model. Specifically, the book provides a welcome all-in-one source on wireless and guided EM that deals in a wide range of subjects: transmission lines, impedance matching techniques, metallic waveguides, resonators, optical waveguides, optical fibres, antennas, antenna arrays, wireless systems, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and more. The content is supported with innovative pedagogy, the most recent reports and working principles of relevant and contemporary technological developments including applications, specialist software tools, laboratory experiments, and innovative design projects.
Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications readers will also find:
Fields and Waves in Electromagnetic Communications is an ideal textbook for graduate students and senior undergraduates studying telecommunication and wireless communication. It is also a useful resource for industry engineers and members of defense services. Moreover, the book is an excellent non-specialist engineering reference able to be used in other disciplines, such as biomedical engineering, mechatronics, computer science, materials engineering, civil and environmental engineering, physics, network engineering, and wireless services.
Nemai Chandra Karmakar, PhD, is the lead researcher at the Monash Microwave, Antenna, RFID and Sensor Laboratory (MMARS) at Monash University, Australia. He received his PhD in Information Technology and Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland, Australia, in 1999. He is a pioneer in fully printable, chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags and sensors, readers, signal processing, and smart antennas.
Preface xii
Acknowledgments xiv
About the Companion Website xvi
1 Uniform Plane Wave 1
1.1 Introduction to Uniform Plane Wave 1
1.2 Fundamental Concept of Wave Propagation 4
1.3 Plane Wave Concept 7
1.4 One Dimensional Wave Equation Concept 14
1.5 Wave Motion and Wave Front 17
1.6 Phase Velocity of UPW 19
1.7 Wave Impedance 23
1.8 Time Harmonic Field Wave Equations 25
1.8.1 Summary of Propagation Constant 29
1.9 Refractive Index of Medium and Dispersion 30
1.9.1 Summary of Wave Propagation in Lossless Medium 32
1.10 Time Harmonic Wave Solution 33
1.11 Poynting Theorem 35
1.12 Static Poynting Theorem 40
1.12.1 Poynting Theorem for a Wire 40
1.13 Energy Balance Equation in the Presence of a Generator: In-Flux and Out-Flow of Power 41
1.14 Time Harmonic Poynting Vector 43
1.15 Problems 48
2 Wave Propagation in Homogeneous, Nondispersive Lossy Media 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Wave Propagation in Lossy Media 57
2.3 Good Dielectric Medium 60
2.3.1 Wave Impedance of Good Dielectric 61
2.4 Low-Loss Dielectric Medium 62
2.4.1 Measurement Procedure of Relative Permittivity and Loss Tangent 65
2.4.2 Summary of Lossy Dielectric Materials 65
2.5 Wave Propagation in Good Conducting Medium 66
2.6 Wave Impedance in Good Conductors 70
2.6.1 Practical Applications: Geophysics 72
2.7 Current Wave Equation in High Conductivity Materials 73
2.7.1 Current in a Conducting Sheet 74
2.7.2 Skin Effect and Internal Impedance 76
2.7.3 Sheet Resistance 79
2.7.4 High Frequency Effect 80
2.8 Sheet Resistance of a Wire and a Coaxial Line 84
2.9 Current Distribution on a Wire 85
2.9.1 Rayleigh Approximation of Finite Conductor Thickness 86
2.9.2 Internal Impedance of a Round Wire 87
2.10 Low Frequency Approximation 89
2.11 Skin-Effect Resistance and Inductance Ratios 90
2.12 Impedance of a Circular Tube and Coaxial Cable 91
2.13 Impedance of a Coaxial Cable 96
2.14 Impedance of Metallic-Coated Conductors and Laminates 98
2.15 1D Current Wave Equation in Multilayered Media 100
2.16 Boundary Conditions and Exact Solution of Surface Current of a Multilayered Medium 101
2.17 Design of Multi-Bit Chipless RFID Tags 103
2.18 Power Loss in Good Conductor 104
2.19 Practical Measurement of Sheet Resistance 106
2.19.1 Measurement of Sheet Resistance 109
2.19.1.1 Sheet Resistance Meter 110
2.20 Summary of Propagation in Conducting Media 112
2.21 Chapter Remarks 112
2.22 Problems 113
3 Uniform Plane Wave in Dispersive Media 117
3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 One-Dimensional Wave Equation 118
3.2.1 Field Solutions in Different Forms 122
3.2.2 Wave Motion 124
3.2.3 Phase Velocity 127
3.3 Dispersion of Media and Group Velocity 127
3.4 Dispersion in Digital Signal Processing and Information Theory 137
3.4.1 Group Velocity in Information Theory 137
3.4.2 Pulse Broadening in Dispersive Medium 139
3.5 Wave Impedance of Uniform Plane Wave 143
3.6 Polarization of Wave Fields 144
3.6.1 Linearly Polarized Waves 148
3.6.2 Circularly Polarized Waves 154
3.6.2.1 Practical Design of Circularly Polarized Wave 158
3.6.2.2 Applications of CP Waves 159
3.6.3 Elliptical Polarization 160
3.6.4 Polarization Loss Factor and Polarization Efficiency 166
3.6.4.1 Polarization Loss Factor 166
3.6.4.2 Polarization Efficiency 170
3.7 Specific Topics on Polarizations of Uniform Plane Wave 170
3.7.1 Magnetic Field in Plane Wave with Generic Polarization 171
3.7.2 Poynting Vector Calculation in Different Polarizations of Electromagnetic Fields 172
3.7.3 Elliptically Polarized Wave from Two Unequal Cross-Polar Circularly Polarized Wave 174
3.7.4 Effect of Medium Characteristics on Polarization-Anisotropic Medium 174
3.8 Chapter Remarks 177
3.9 Problems 178
4 Wave Propagation in Dispersive Media 181
4.1 Introduction 181
4.2 Dispersion in Materials 182
4.3 Classical Electron Theory and Dispersion in Material Media 184
4.4 Discrete Charged Particles in Static Electromagnetic Fields 185
4.5 Classical Mechanics Model of Matters 192
4.6 Motion of Charged Particle in Steady Electric and Magnetic Fields 195
4.7 Theory of Cyclotron 198
4.8 Analysis of Charged Particle in Time Harmonic Electric Field and Uniform Magnetic Field 200
4.9 Dispersion in Gaseous Media 203
4.10 Dispersion in Liquid and Solid Media 208
4.11 Ionic Dispersion in Liquid and Solid Media 210
4.12 Dispersion in Metals 214
4.12.1 Significance of Dispersion in Metals in Mixed Signal Electronics? 214
4.12.2 What Are Metals Made of: The Classical Electron Theory and Electromagnetic Wave Interaction? 216
4.13 Waves Propagation in Plasma 223
4.13.1 Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Plasma 226
4.14 Wave Propagation in Plasma and Satellite Communications 235
4.14.1 Refractive Indices and Phase Velocities for RHCP and LHCP Cases 239
4.15 Waves in Dielectric Media 244
4.15.1 Classical Electron Theory of Dielectric 246
4.15.2 Macroscopic View of Dielectric 249
4.16 Microscopic View of Dielectric 252
4.16.1 Waves in Anisotropic Dielectric Medium 255
4.17 Problems 259
5 Reflection and Transmission of Uniform Plane Wave 263
5.1 Introduction 263
5.2 Electromagnetic Waves Analysis in the Context of Boundary Value Problems 267
5.3 Reflection and Refraction at Plane Surface 271
5.4 Normal Incidence on a Perfect Conductor 272
5.5 Circularly Polarized Wave Incidence on a Conducting Surface 284
5.6 Normal Incidence at Dielectric Boundary 287
5.6.1 Calculation of Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 291
5.6.2 Calculation of Electromagnetic Power Density 293
5.7 Concept of Standing Waves 300
5.7.1 Trigonometric Analysis of Standing Wave 303
5.7.2 Time Domain Analysis of Standing Wave 307
5.7.3 Phasor Vector Analysis of Standing Wave 311
5.7.4 Transmission Line Analogy of Normal Incidence 317
5.8 Reflection from Multiple Layers 320
5.8.1 Effective Transmission and Reflection Analysis of Multilayered Dielectric Media Using Steady-State Boundary Conditions 322
5.8.2 Successive Transmission and Reflection Analysis of Multilayered Dielectric Media 327
5.8.3 Successive Transmission and Reflection Analysis Via ¿/4-Thick Dielectric Medium 329
5.8.4 Effective Transmission and Reflection Coefficients of Multilayered Dielectric Media 332
5.8.5 Reflection for a Large Number of Multiple Dielectric Media 336
5.9 Special Cases of Reflection from Multiple Layers 340
5.9.1 Reflection from a Dielectric Coated Good Conductor 341
5.9.2 ¿/2-Dielectric Window for Zero Reflection 343
5.9.3 Electrically Thin Dielectric Window 347
5.9.4 ¿/4-Dielectric Transformer Window 349
5.9.5 Reflection for 2-Ply Dielectric Window 354
5.9.6 Electromagnetic Absorber Design with a Thin Dielectric Window Placed (3¿ 0)/4 Distance from a Perfect Electric Conductor 356
5.9.7 Absorbers in Anechoic Chamber: Antenna Measurement 358
5.10 Final Remarks 359
5.11 Problems 360
6 Oblique Incidence of Uniform Plane Wave 371
6.1 Introduction 371
6.2 Methodologies Used in Oblique Incidence Theory 376
6.3 Coordinate System for Oblique Incidence Cases 378
6.4 Oblique Incidence on Conducting Boundary 387
6.5 TE Polarization on Conducting Boundary 390
6.5.1 Poynting Vector in TE Polarization 393
6.5.2 Phase Velocity Calculation 394
6.5.3 Waveguide Concept 396
6.5.4 Surface Current Calculation on Metallic Boundary 399
6.6 Parallel (TM) Polarization on Conducting Boundary 403
6.6.1 Surface Current and Induced Electric Charge Calculations on Metallic Boundary 407
6.7 Characteristic Wave Impedances 410
6.8 Oblique Incidence on Dielectric Boundary 410
6.8.1 Ray Trace Model of Generalized Oblique Incidence Field 411
6.9 Total Internal Reflection 413
> T c 415
6.10 TE Polarization of Oblique Incidence on Dielectric Boundary 421
6.10.1 Applications of Boundary Conditions at z = 0 426
6.10.2 Total Internal Reflection and Critical Angle ¿ c 428
6.10.3 Calculations of G TE and t TE 430
6.10.4 Effective Impedance Concept of TE Polarized Oblique Incidence 433
6.10.5 Total Internal Reflection in the Light of Impedance Concept 434
6.10.6 Special Cases of G TE 435
6.10.6.1 Reflection Coefficient G TE for Perfect Conductor 435
6.10.6.2 Both Medium Lossless and Non-magnetic Media 436
6.10.6.3 Critical Angle and Submarine Communications 436
6.10.6.4 TE Oblique Incidence on Multiple Dielectric Layers 437
6.10.7 Power Balance in TE Oblique Incidence 439
6.10.8 Equivalent Impedance Concept in Power Balance Equation 443
6.10.9 Summary of TE Polarized Oblique Incidence Case 444
6.11 TM Polarization Oblique Incidence 445
6.11.1 Field Analysis of TM Polarization Oblique Incidence 446
6.11.2 Applications of Boundary Conditions at z = 0 451
6.11.3 Calculations of G TM and t TM 453
6.11.4 Total Transmission and Brewster Angle ¿ B 456
6.11.5 Total Transmission for Arbitrary Polarized Signal at Plane Interface Between Dissimilar Perfect Dielectric 457
6.11.6 Brewster Angle and Wireless Communications 459
6.11.7 Chipless RFID Polarizer Exploits Brewster Angle 460
6.11.8 Effective Impedance Concept of TM Polarized Oblique Incidence 461
6.11.9 Total Transmission in the Light of Impedance Concept 462
6.11.10 Special Cases of G TM 464
6.11.10.1 Reflection Coefficient G TM for Perfect Conductor 464
6.11.10.2 Both Medium Lossless and Non-magnetic Media 464
6.11.10.3 Brewster Angle and Laser Beam with TM Polarization 464
6.11.10.4 Calculations of G eff for TM and TE Oblique Incidence on Multiple Dielectric Layer 465
6.11.11 Power Balance in TM Oblique Incidence 471
6.11.12 Equivalent Impedance Concept in Power Balance Equation 473
6.11.13 Summary of TM Polarized Oblique Incidence Cases 474
6.12 Problems 475
References 480
7 Incidence of Uniform Plane Wave in Lossy Media 481
7.1 Introduction 481
7.2 Applications 483
7.3 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Media 485
7.3.1 Normal Incidence on Imperfect Dielectric Boundary 493
7.3.1.1 Time Average Power Loss in Lossy Dielectric Medium 494
7.4 Applications of Normal Incidences on Lossy Dielectric Boundary 495
7.4.1 Microwave Biomedical Engineering 495
7.4.2 RF/Microwave Shielding for EMC Measures 497
7.5 Oblique Incidence in Lossy Medium 502
7.5.1 General Theory of Oblique Incidence from Air to Lossy Medium 502
7.5.2 Oblique Incidence and Propagation in Good Conductor 506
7.5.3 Oblique Incidence and Reflection from Lossy Medium 509
7.5.4 Oblique Incidence: Reflection from Good Conductor 510
7.5.5 Good Conductor to Good Conductor Interface 512
7.5.6 Oblique Incidence at the Interface of Two Lossy Medium with Real T I 512
7.5.7 Refraction for Two Conductive Media 515
7.6 Emerging Applications: Precision Agriculture 519
7.6.1 Wireless Sensor 521
7.6.2 Soil Models 522
7.6.3 TDR Technique in Soil Moisture Measurements 522
7.6.4 Sensor Design 524
7.6.5 Soil Moisture Remote Sensing Radiometer 524
7.6.6 Test Set Up 529
7.7 Chapter Summary 531
7.8 Problems 531
Acknowledgments 534
References 534
Appendix A Useful Electromagnetic Data 537
Index 542
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