Sustainable Land Management

1 - Dedicated to the Dear Memory of Prof. Dr. Cemil Cangir (1946-2010) [Seite 6]
2 - Preface [Seite 8]
3 - Contents [Seite 10]
4 - Contributors [Seite 12]
5 - The Anthroscape Approach in Sustainable Land Use [Seite 18]
5.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 19]
5.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 22]
5.2.1 - 2.1 The Study Area [Seite 22]
5.2.2 - 2.2 Driving Forces and Impacts of Misuse [Seite 26]
5.2.3 - 2.3 Socio-Economy [Seite 27]
5.2.4 - 2.4 Migration [Seite 27]
5.2.5 - 2.5 Fragmentation [Seite 36]
5.2.6 - 2.6 Natural Resources [Seite 37]
5.2.7 - 2.7 Environmental Problems (Improper: - Land/Soil, and Water Use and - Crop Selection and Animal Production) [Seite 37]
5.2.8 - 2.8 Quantification of the Anthroscape [Seite 43]
5.2.9 - 2.9 Quantification of the Carbon by NPP at the ALQCs [Seite 55]
5.3 - 3 Results [Seite 58]
5.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 60]
5.5 - References [Seite 65]
6 - Anthroscapes in the Light of the EU Soil Thematic Strategy [Seite 68]
6.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 68]
6.2 - 2 The Importance of Anthroscapes Within the Soil Thematic Strategy [Seite 69]
6.3 - 3 Some Relevant Anthroscapes in Europe [Seite 71]
6.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 72]
6.5 - References [Seite 73]
7 - Soil Erosion-Desertification and the Middle Eastern Anthroscapes [Seite 74]
7.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 75]
7.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 77]
7.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 77]
7.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 The Study Watersheds-Features, Land Use, Management and Monitoring Objectives [Seite 77]
7.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 The Yatir Forest (Israel): Afforestation of a Semiarid Rangeland [Seite 77]
7.2.1.3 - 2.1.3 Humret Es-Sahin Watershed (Jordan): Rangelands Rehabilitation over an Aridity Gradient [Seite 78]
7.2.1.4 - 2.1.4 Southern Hebron Highlands (Palestinian National Authority): Promotion of Agro-Pastoral Systems Along an Aridity Gradient [Seite 80]
7.2.1.5 - 2.1.5 Kzlöz Microcatchment (Turkey): Rehabilitation of Sylvi-Agro-Pastoral Watershed [Seite 81]
7.2.1.6 - 2.1.6 Summary of Watersheds´ Features, Land Use, Management and Research Objectives [Seite 82]
7.2.2 - 2.2 Methods [Seite 83]
7.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Precipitation [Seite 83]
7.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Runoff and Sediment [Seite 83]
7.2.2.3 - 2.2.3 Soil-Erosion, Properties and Moisture [Seite 84]
7.2.2.4 - 2.2.4 Vegetation [Seite 85]
7.2.2.5 - 2.2.5 Trees [Seite 85]
7.2.2.6 - 2.2.6 Non-woody (Herbaceous) Natural Vegetation [Seite 86]
7.3 - 3 Results [Seite 87]
7.3.1 - 3.1 Precipitation Features [Seite 88]
7.3.2 - 3.2 Rainfall, Throughfall and Stemflow [Seite 88]
7.3.3 - 3.3 Runoff and Sediment Discharge at the Watershed Scale [Seite 89]
7.3.4 - 3.4 Relations Between Runoff and Rainfall [Seite 89]
7.3.5 - 3.5 Relations Between Suspended Sediment and Runoff [Seite 91]
7.3.6 - 3.6 Sediment Discharge in Relation to Watershed Management [Seite 94]
7.3.7 - 3.7 Soil Erosion Through Gullying in Relations to Watershed Management [Seite 96]
7.3.8 - 3.8 Watershed Processes at the Local Scale [Seite 96]
7.3.9 - 3.9 Rainfall, Runoff and Sediment Deposition [Seite 97]
7.3.10 - 3.10 Soil Cover, Runoff and Erosion [Seite 98]
7.3.11 - 3.11 Soil Moisture Response to Soil Conservation Measures [Seite 99]
7.3.12 - 3.12 The Effect of Afforestation on Soil Moisture [Seite 110]
7.3.13 - 3.13 Soil Cover, Runoff, Soil Organic Matter and Soil Moisture [Seite 115]
7.3.14 - 3.14 Vegetation [Seite 117]
7.3.15 - 3.15 Trees [Seite 118]
7.3.16 - 3.16 Non-woody Vegetation [Seite 120]
7.3.17 - 3.17 Aggregate Measures of Vegetation Cover [Seite 120]
7.3.18 - 3.18 Community Measures [Seite 127]
7.4 - 4 Discussion and Conclusions [Seite 136]
7.5 - References [Seite 140]
8 - Soils of the Mediterranean Region, Their Characteristics, Management and Sustainable Use [Seite 142]
8.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 143]
8.2 - 2 Description of Major Soils [Seite 144]
8.2.1 - 2.1 Histosols [Seite 145]
8.2.2 - 2.2 Anthrosols [Seite 146]
8.2.3 - 2.3 Leptosols [Seite 147]
8.2.4 - 2.4 Vertisols [Seite 148]
8.2.5 - 2.5 Fluvisols [Seite 149]
8.2.6 - 2.6 Gleysols, Solonchaks and Solonetz [Seite 149]
8.2.7 - 2.7 Andosols [Seite 151]
8.2.8 - 2.8 Kastanozems and Phaeozems [Seite 151]
8.2.9 - 2.9 Umbrisols [Seite 151]
8.2.10 - 2.10 Gypsisols, Durisols and Calcisols [Seite 152]
8.2.11 - 2.11 Luvisols [Seite 154]
8.2.12 - 2.12 Arenosols [Seite 154]
8.2.13 - 2.13 Cambisols [Seite 155]
8.2.14 - 2.14 Regosols [Seite 155]
8.3 - 3 Soil Degradation and Soil Protection in the Mediterranean [Seite 156]
8.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 157]
8.5 - References [Seite 158]
9 - Mountain Anthroscapes, the Case of the Italian Alps [Seite 160]
9.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 160]
9.2 - 2 Negative Human Impacts Creating/Reshaping Anthroscapes [Seite 162]
9.2.1 - 2.1 The Impacts of Winter Resorts: the Case of Ski Slides and Ski-Lift Facilities [Seite 162]
9.2.2 - 2.2 The Mountain Off-Roading: A Growing Environmental Problem [Seite 164]
9.2.3 - 2.3 Mining Dumps [Seite 166]
9.2.4 - 2.4 Industrial and Civil Settlements Along Riversides and Valley Floors [Seite 166]
9.2.5 - 2.5 Stone Quarrying [Seite 168]
9.2.6 - 2.6 Waste Disposal in Mountain Areas [Seite 169]
9.3 - 3 Positive Human Impacts and Inheritances Creating Anthroscapes [Seite 170]
9.3.1 - 3.1 Mountain Terracing [Seite 170]
9.3.2 - 3.2 Archaeological Imprints: From Palaeolithic to the Roman Ages and More [Seite 172]
9.3.3 - 3.3 Pastureland, Overgrazing, Forestry [Seite 174]
9.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 175]
9.5 - References [Seite 177]
10 - Development and Challenges of the Anthroscapes in the Clay Soil District of Eastern Norway [Seite 179]
10.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 179]
10.1.1 - 1.1 Development and Characteristics of the Landscape Region Clay Soil District in Eastern Norway [Seite 181]
10.1.2 - 1.2 Land Use and Land Management [Seite 185]
10.1.3 - 1.3 Knowledge About Anthroscapes and the Implementation of a More Sustainable Land Management [Seite 193]
10.2 - References [Seite 194]
11 - Anthroscapes and Anthropogenic Soils in North-Western Sardinia: The Soils with Calcrete Horizon in the Alghero Area (Italy) [Seite 195]
11.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 195]
11.1.1 - 1.1 Anthrosols and Anthroscapes [Seite 195]
11.1.2 - 1.2 Calcrete Pedogenesis and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Soils [Seite 196]
11.2 - 2 The Study Area and its Land Use [Seite 198]
11.2.1 - 2.1 The Reclamation Interventions [Seite 200]
11.3 - 3 The Original Soils and the Anthropogenic Soils [Seite 201]
11.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 206]
11.5 - References [Seite 207]
12 - Stimulated Soil Formation in a Degraded Anthroscape: A Case Study in Southeast Spain [Seite 208]
12.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 209]
12.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 209]
12.2.1 - 2.1 Study Area and Addition of Amendments [Seite 209]
12.2.2 - 2.2 In Situ Characterization of Mine Tailings by Electrical Resistivity Measurement [Seite 210]
12.2.3 - 2.3 Chemical and Mineral Characterization [Seite 211]
12.2.4 - 2.4 Micromorphological Analysis [Seite 211]
12.3 - 3 Results [Seite 211]
12.3.1 - 3.1 In Situ Characterization of Materials in Tailing Deposits [Seite 211]
12.3.2 - 3.2 Chemical and Salt Mineral Characterization [Seite 212]
12.3.3 - 3.3 Micromorphology of Amended Mine Tailing Deposits [Seite 214]
12.4 - 4 Discussion [Seite 214]
12.4.1 - 4.1 Non-destructive Characterization of Mine Tailing Deposits [Seite 214]
12.4.2 - 4.2 Plant Establishment in Mine Tailings [Seite 215]
12.4.3 - 4.3 Simultaneous Additions of OM and Calcite Stimulate Soil Formation in Anthroscapes [Seite 216]
12.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 216]
12.6 - References [Seite 217]
13 - Asian Anthroscapes: China and Taiwan [Seite 219]
13.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 220]
13.2 - 2 Origin and Development of Soil Science in Ancient China [Seite 221]
13.3 - 3 Anthropogenic Soils in China [Seite 223]
13.3.1 - 3.1 Formation of Paddy Soils in China [Seite 224]
13.3.2 - 3.2 The Degradation of Soil Organic Matter [Seite 225]
13.3.3 - 3.3 Eluviation and Illuviation of Cations [Seite 226]
13.3.4 - 3.4 Eluviation and Illuviation of Iron and Manganese [Seite 227]
13.3.5 - 3.5 Decomposition and Synthesis of Clay Minerals [Seite 227]
13.3.6 - 3.6 Paddification Processes in Paddy Soils [Seite 227]
13.3.7 - 3.7 Cultivated Horizon [Seite 228]
13.3.8 - 3.8 Plowpan [Seite 228]
13.3.9 - 3.9 Percogenic Horizon [Seite 229]
13.3.10 - 3.10 Linthitic Horizon or Illuvial Horizon [Seite 229]
13.3.11 - 3.11 Gley Horizon [Seite 229]
13.3.12 - 3.12 Anthropic Epipedon of Anthrosols [Seite 229]
13.3.13 - 3.13 Siltigic (or Irragric) Epipedon [Seite 230]
13.3.14 - 3.14 Cumulic Epipedon [Seite 230]
13.3.15 - 3.15 Fimic Epipedon [Seite 231]
13.3.16 - 3.16 Anthrostagnic Epipedon [Seite 231]
13.3.17 - 3.17 Hydragric Horizon [Seite 232]
13.3.18 - 3.18 Carbon Stocks in Paddy Soils of China [Seite 232]
13.3.19 - 3.19 Pedogenic Iron and Manganese Characteristics of Paddy Soil Chronosequences in China [Seite 235]
13.3.20 - 3.20 Fimic Characterization of Anthrosols in China [Seite 237]
13.3.21 - 3.21 Anthroscapes in Taiwan [Seite 239]
13.3.22 - 3.22 Gleyization Process of Paddy Soils in Taiwan [Seite 239]
13.3.23 - 3.23 Redoximorphic Features (Clay Accumulation and Segregation of Iron and Manganese) [Seite 240]
13.3.24 - 3.24 Paddy Soils on the Red Alluvial Soils in Northern Taiwan [Seite 241]
13.3.25 - 3.25 Paddy Soils of Slate Alluvial Soils in Central Taiwan [Seite 244]
13.3.26 - 3.26 Paddy Soils of Sandstone and Shale Alluvial Soils in Southern Taiwan [Seite 247]
13.3.27 - 3.27 Classification of Paddy Soils in Taiwan [Seite 248]
13.4 - 4 Conclusion [Seite 251]
13.5 - References [Seite 252]
14 - An Anthroscape from Morocco: Degraded Rangeland Systems and Introduction of Exotic Plant Material and Technology [Seite 256]
14.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 257]
14.2 - 2 The Study Area [Seite 258]
14.3 - 3 The Anthroscape Before the Interventions [Seite 260]
14.4 - 4 The Newly Created Anthroscape [Seite 263]
14.5 - 5 Discussion and Conclusions [Seite 266]
14.6 - References [Seite 269]
15 - The Historical Anthroscape of Adana and the Fertile Lands [Seite 271]
15.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 271]
15.2 - 2 Components of the Ancient Anthroscape [Seite 273]
15.2.1 - 2.1 Irrigation [Seite 273]
15.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 Irrigation Versus the People of Adana [Seite 274]
15.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 Horse Driven Wells [Seite 274]
15.2.2 - 2.2 Diversion Canals Served After a 1,000-Year Period [Seite 276]
15.2.3 - 2.3 Floods Reinforcing Fertility [Seite 279]
15.2.4 - 2.4 Benefiting from Fauna and Agriculture [Seite 279]
15.2.5 - 2.5 Satsneferru, the Egyptian Nurse [Seite 280]
15.2.6 - 2.6 Adana, the Paradise for Spinnable Fibres [Seite 281]
15.2.7 - 2.7 Lions Preventing Agriculture [Seite 282]
15.2.8 - 2.8 The Turks in Çukurova [Seite 283]
15.2.9 - 2.9 The Cotton Anthroscape of Adana [Seite 284]
15.2.10 - 2.10 lbrahim Pasha´s Contributions [Seite 285]
15.2.11 - 2.11 The American Civil War and the Cotton of Adana [Seite 286]
15.2.12 - 2.12 The Decrease of the Cotton Plantations in Adana [Seite 289]
15.2.13 - 2.13 Phoenicians Calling at Adana Ports [Seite 290]
15.2.14 - 2.14 Prognose and Medication [Seite 291]
15.2.15 - 2.15 The Reign of the Romans [Seite 293]
15.2.16 - 2.16 The Inherited Practices of the Adana Region [Seite 293]
15.2.17 - 2.17 The Traditional Tomato Crop of Adana [Seite 294]
15.2.18 - 2.18 The Keli-Calcrete/River Terraces [Seite 295]
15.3 - References [Seite 296]
16 - Impact of Shifting Agriculture on the Sustainability of Anthroscapes in Sarawak, Malaysia [Seite 297]
16.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 297]
16.2 - 2 Shifting Cultivation [Seite 299]
16.3 - 3 Impact Analyses [Seite 300]
16.3.1 - 3.1 Land Capability [Seite 300]
16.3.2 - 3.2 Stewardship Versus Ownership [Seite 300]
16.3.3 - 3.3 Degradation of Non-renewable Resources [Seite 301]
16.4 - 4 Viable Options [Seite 301]
16.4.1 - 4.1 Multidisciplinary Approach [Seite 301]
16.4.2 - 4.2 Spatial Data [Seite 301]
16.4.3 - 4.3 Relocation [Seite 303]
16.5 - 5 Conclusions [Seite 303]
16.6 - References [Seite 303]
17 - Roman Mining Landscapes in the Murcia Region, SE Spain: Risk Assessment of Mine Ponds [Seite 305]
17.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 306]
17.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 306]
17.2.1 - 2.1 Study Area [Seite 306]
17.2.2 - 2.2 Geochemical Characterization [Seite 307]
17.2.3 - 2.3 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging [Seite 308]
17.2.4 - 2.4 Hydrological Analysis [Seite 309]
17.3 - 3 Results [Seite 310]
17.3.1 - 3.1 Geochemical Characterization [Seite 310]
17.3.1.1 - 3.1.1 Surface Metals Distribution [Seite 310]
17.3.1.2 - 3.1.2 Spatial Distribution of Metals [Seite 312]
17.3.1.3 - 3.1.3 Metals Distribution in the Ponds [Seite 313]
17.3.2 - 3.2 Geo-Electrical Characterization by the Electrical Resistivity Imaging Method [Seite 314]
17.3.3 - 3.3 Hydrological Analysis [Seite 317]
17.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 321]
17.5 - References [Seite 321]
18 - Anthroscape of the Mediterranean Coastal Area in the Context of Hydrogeology: Projected Impacts of Climate Change [Seite 323]
18.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 324]
18.2 - 2 A Mathematical Tool for Evaluating the Hydrogeologic Anthroscape [Seite 325]
18.3 - 3 Description of the Study Area [Seite 326]
18.3.1 - 3.1 Physiography and Climate [Seite 326]
18.3.2 - 3.2 Hydrogeology and Mathematical Model [Seite 327]
18.4 - 4 Scenarios [Seite 330]
18.5 - 5 Calibration of Mathematical Model [Seite 332]
18.6 - 6 Projected Results [Seite 334]
18.6.1 - 6.1 Changes in Lagoon Water Salinity [Seite 334]
18.6.2 - 6.2 Changes in the Groundwater Table [Seite 335]
18.6.3 - 6.3 Changes in Groundwater Salinity [Seite 335]
18.6.4 - 6.4 Changes in Groundwater Velocity Vectors [Seite 339]
18.6.5 - 6.5 Salt Accumulation on the Land Surface [Seite 339]
18.7 - 7 Discussion and Conclusions [Seite 341]
18.8 - References [Seite 342]
19 - Re-evaluating Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Soil and Water Management in the Sahel: A Case Study from Niger [Seite 345]
19.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 345]
19.2 - 2 Landscape and Land Management in Southwestern Niger [Seite 346]
19.2.1 - 2.1 Landscape of Southwestern Niger [Seite 346]
19.2.2 - 2.2 Soil Properties [Seite 347]
19.2.3 - 2.3 Pearl Millet Cultivation and Fertility Management [Seite 348]
19.2.4 - 2.4 Desertification Process [Seite 349]
19.2.5 - 2.5 Successes and Failures of the New Land Management Efforts [Seite 349]
19.3 - 3 Revealing Mechanisms of Sustainable Conservation Techniques [Seite 350]
19.3.1 - 3.1 Common Conservation Techniques [Seite 350]
19.3.2 - 3.2 Experiments Undertaken on the Working Mechanism of the Conservation Techniques [Seite 351]
19.3.2.1 - 3.2.1 Location of the Study Site [Seite 351]
19.3.2.2 - 3.2.2 Design of the Test Field [Seite 352]
19.3.3 - 3.3 Results, the Working Mechanisms of Conservation Works [Seite 353]
19.3.3.1 - 3.3.1 Effect of Conservation Works on Decreasing Surface Runoffs [Seite 353]
19.3.3.2 - 3.3.2 Effect of Water-Harvesting at the Bund [Seite 354]
19.3.3.3 - 3.3.3 Spatial Variability of Surface Permeability [Seite 354]
19.3.3.4 - 3.3.4 Growth of Millet in Relation to Water Availability [Seite 355]
19.4 - 4 Discussion: Wise Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Land Use [Seite 357]
19.4.1 - 4.1 Soil Surface Management [Seite 357]
19.4.2 - 4.2 Conserving Trees for Conserving Field [Seite 358]
19.4.3 - 4.3 A Strategy to Adapt to Erratic Precipitation [Seite 359]
19.5 - 5 Conclusion [Seite 360]
19.6 - References [Seite 361]
20 - Local Wisdom of Land and Water Management: The Fundamental Anthroscape of Japan [Seite 363]
20.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 363]
20.2 - 2 ``Suido´´: Paddy Cultivation Based Land and Water Management System of Japan [Seite 364]
20.2.1 - 2.1 Suido [Seite 364]
20.2.2 - 2.2 Formation of Suido in Japan [Seite 366]
20.3 - 3 ``Satoyama´´: Expression of Suido in Japan [Seite 366]
20.3.1 - 3.1 Satoyama [Seite 366]
20.3.2 - 3.2 History of Satoyama [Seite 368]
20.3.3 - 3.3 Significance of Satoyama System [Seite 369]
20.3.4 - 3.4 Conservation of Satoyama [Seite 370]
20.4 - 4 Depression of Suido [Seite 370]
20.5 - 5 Rehabilitation of Suido [Seite 371]
20.5.1 - 5.1 Adaptive Management [Seite 371]
20.5.2 - 5.2 ``Mitameshi´´: An Adaptive Management Strategy for Better Human-Nature Relationships [Seite 372]
20.6 - 6 Conclusions [Seite 373]
20.7 - References [Seite 374]
21 - Reconstructing the Past by Regenerating Biodiversity: A Treatise on Weed Contribution to Soil Quality at a Post-cultivation Succession [Seite 375]
21.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 376]
21.1.1 - 1.1 The Weeds [Seite 376]
21.1.2 - 1.2 Studies on Soils [Seite 377]
21.2 - 2 Materials and Methods [Seite 377]
21.2.1 - 2.1 Materials [Seite 377]
21.2.1.1 - 2.1.1 Location and Soils [Seite 377]
21.2.1.2 - 2.1.2 Weeds [Seite 378]
21.2.2 - 2.2 Methods [Seite 378]
21.2.2.1 - 2.2.1 Weeds [Seite 378]
21.2.2.2 - 2.2.2 Soils [Seite 378]
21.3 - 3 Results [Seite 380]
21.3.1 - 3.1 The Weed Succession from 1998 to 2008 [Seite 380]
21.3.2 - 3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Water Stable Aggregates (WSA) Within the Weed Rhizospheres [Seite 382]
21.3.3 - 3.3 Micromorphological (Sub-microscopic) Properties of the WSA [Seite 385]
21.4 - 4 Conclusions [Seite 386]
21.5 - References [Seite 389]
22 - Economic and Social Impact of the Degraded Antroscapes [Seite 391]
22.1 - 1 Introduction [Seite 391]
22.2 - 2 Brief History of the Traditional Economic Growth Theory [Seite 394]
22.3 - 3 Back to Convergence in Economic Growth [Seite 397]
22.3.1 - 3.1 The Antroscape and Environmental Externalities [Seite 398]
22.4 - 4 The Degraded Antroscape [Seite 402]
22.5 - 5 Sustainability Strategy [Seite 406]
22.5.1 - 5.1 SWOT Analysis [Seite 406]
22.5.2 - 5.2 Affordability Analysis [Seite 406]
22.5.3 - 5.3 Livelihood Analysis [Seite 407]
22.5.4 - 5.4 Pest Analysis [Seite 407]
22.5.4.1 - 5.4.1 Political Factors [Seite 407]
22.5.4.2 - 5.4.2 Economic Factors [Seite 408]
22.5.4.3 - 5.4.3 Socio-cultural Factors [Seite 408]
22.5.4.4 - 5.4.4 Technological Factors [Seite 408]
22.5.4.5 - 5.4.5 Inter-Sectoral Strategy [Seite 409]
22.5.4.6 - 5.4.6 Education and Skills Strategy [Seite 409]
22.6 - 6 The Degregation Issue [Seite 410]
22.7 - 7 The Cost of Degradation [Seite 412]
22.7.1 - 7.1 Benefit Cost Analysis [Seite 414]
22.7.2 - 7.2 Valuing Changes in Production [Seite 414]
22.7.3 - 7.3 Averting and Mitigating Behavior [Seite 415]
22.7.4 - 7.4 Travel Cost Method [Seite 415]
22.7.5 - 7.5 Hedonic Prices [Seite 416]
22.7.6 - 7.6 Contingent Valuation Method [Seite 416]
22.7.7 - 7.7 Quantifying Health Services [Seite 417]
22.7.8 - 7.8 Valuing Health Effects [Seite 417]
22.7.8.1 - 7.8.1 Quantification of Environmental Degradation [Seite 418]
22.7.8.2 - 7.8.2 Quantification of Consequences of Degradation [Seite 418]
22.7.8.3 - 7.8.3 A Monetary Valuation of the Consequences [Seite 418]
22.8 - 8 Conclusion [Seite 419]
22.9 - References [Seite 419]
23 - Index [Seite 422]