Green Metal Nanoparticles

Name: Green Metal Nanoparticles | Synthesis, Characterization and their Applications
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Synthesis, Characterization and their Applications

Suvardhan Kanchi Shakeel Ahmed(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

1. Auflage

Erschienen am 16. Oktober 2018

720 Seiten

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Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology
1 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Objective of this Study
1.3 The Rationale for this Study
1.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology?
1.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications
1.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology
1.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology
1.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology
1.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind's Progress and Vision of Science
1.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology
1.11 Global Water Crisis - The Vision and Challenge of Science
1.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination - The Vision for the Future
1.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies
1.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies
1.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts
1.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis
2.2.1 Green Metal NPs via Botanical Extract
2.2.2 Green Oxide NPs via Botanical Extract
2.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis
2.3.1 Green Metal NPs via Microbes
2.3.1.1 Silver NPs
2.3.1.2 Gold NPs
2.3.1.3 Other Metallic NPs
2.3.2 Green Oxide NPs via Microbes
2.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
3 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums
3.2.1 Gum Kondagogu
3.2.2 Gum Ghatti
3.2.3 Gum Olibanum
3.2.4 Gum Tragacanth
3.2.5 Gum Arabic
3.2.6 Gum Karaya
3.2.7 Gum Guar
3.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications
3.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles
3.3.3 Copper Nanoparticles
3.3.4 Platinum and Palladium Nanoparticles
3.3.5 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
4 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts
4.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Metals and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
5.1.2 Parameters of Toxicity
5.1.3 Synthesis of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
5.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity
5.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles (Ag Nanoparticles/AgNPs)
5.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles or ZnNPs)
5.2.3 CuO Nanoparticles
5.2.4 Cadmium Nanoparticles (CdNPs) vs Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs)
5.2.5 TiO2 Nanoparticles
5.3 Future Perspectives
5.3.1 Curbing Menace Through Biodegradable Nanomaterials: An Alternative
5.4 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
6.2.1 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and its Benefits
6.2.2 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Bacteria and Fungi
6.2.3 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Algae
6.2.4 Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Plants
6.2.5 Need for Green Synthesis
6.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.1 Antibacterial Properties
6.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
6.3.3 Anticancer Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.4 Antidiabetic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.5 Wound Healing Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.6 Diagnosis and Imaging Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.7 Medicinal Textile and Device Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.8 Catalytic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.3.9 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles
6.4 Conclusions
References
7 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants
7.3 Bioreduction Mechanism
7.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation
7.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles
7.5.1 FeOx Nanoparticles
7.5.2 ZnO Nanoparticles
7.5.3 Ag Nanoparticles
7.5.4 Cu and/or CuxOx Nanoparticles
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs
8.2.1 Leaf Mediated Synthesis of AuNPs
8.2.2 Fruit Extract Mediated Synthesis of AuNPs
8.2.3 Flower Extract Mediated Synthesis of AuNPs
8.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs
8.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs
8.4.1 Bioimaging/Labeling
8.4.2 AuNPs in Anticancer Therapy
8.4.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Using AuNPs
8.4.4 Antimicrobial Activity of AuNPs
8.4.5 Inhibition of Free Radical and Determination of Antioxidant Capacity Using AuNPs
8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
References
9 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials
9.2.1 Ferromagnetic Materials
9.2.2 Antiferromagnetic Materials
9.2.3 Ferrimagnetic Materials
9.2.4 Paramagnetic Materials
9.2.5 Diamagnetic Materials
9.2.6 Superparamagnetic Materials
9.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.3.1 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation
9.4.1 Dye Degradation
9.4.2 Removal of Heavy Metals
9.4.3 Removal of Toxic Anions
9.4.4 Treatment of Pesticides in Groundwater
9.4.5 Removal of Microbial Contamination
9.4.6 Elimination of other Hazardous Organic Pollutants
9.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
9.6 Future Aspects of Magnetic Nanoparticle
Acknowledgment
References
10 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Types of Nanomaterials
10.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
10.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
10.2.3 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
10.2.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
10.2.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
10.2.3.3 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
10.2.3.4 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs)
10.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles
10.3.1 Top-Down Approaches
10.3.2 Bottom-Up Approaches
10.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs
10.4.1 Green Synthesis of MNPs Using Biopolymers
10.4.1.1 Using Biopolymers in the Ordinary Way
10.4.1.2 Using Biopolymers in the Form of NPs
10.4.2 Green Synthesis of MNPs Using Herbal Plant Extracts
10.4.2.1 Green Synthesis of AgNPs
10.4.2.2 Green Synthesis of AuNPs
10.4.2.3 Green Synthesis of Pt NPs
10.4.2.4 Green Synthesis of Pd NPs
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis
11.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives
11.3.1 Bioreduction Mechanism of Metal Ions
11.3.2 Secondary Metabolites Effect in the Bioreduction Reaction
11.3.3 Different Parts of Plants Used to Produce Metallic NPs
11.3.3.1 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.2 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.3 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.4 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.6 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO NPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.7 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.8 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.3.9 Nickel Nanoparticles (NiNPs) Using Different Parts of Plants
11.3.4 Factors Influencing the Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
11.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes
11.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNps) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.4 Nickel Nanoparticles (NiNPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.5 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.6 Platinum Nanoparticles (PtNPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.7 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.4.8 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) Using Food and Agricultural Wastes
11.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications
11.5.1 Wastewater Treatment
11.5.1.1 Iron Nanoparticles in Environmental Applications
11.5.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles in Environmental Applications
11.5.1.3 Zinc Nanoparticles in Environmental Applications
11.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
12 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis
12.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles
12.4 Biomedical Applications
12.4.1 Antibacterial Applications
12.4.2 Antifungal Applications
12.4.3 Antileishmanial (Antiparasitic) Applications
12.4.4 Antibiofilm Applications
12.4.5 Anticoagulant Applications
12.4.6 Antidiabetic Applications
12.4.7 Antioxidant Applications
12.4.8 Cytotoxicity Applications
12.4.8.1 Biocompatibility Applications
12.4.8.2 Anticancer Applications
12.4.9 Larvicidal, Pupicidal, Pediculocidal and Acaricidal Applications
12.5 Environmental Applications
12.5.1 Catalytic Activity
12.5.1.1 Degradation of Dyes
12.5.1.2 Degradation of other Pollutants
12.5.2 Metal Ion Detection
12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
13 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
13.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles
13.3.1 Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles Using Bio-Waste (Coccinia Grandis) Peel Extract
13.3.2 Characterization
13.3.2.1 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy
13.3.3 Morphology Studies (SEM and TEM)
13.3.3.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
13.3.3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
13.3.3.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) Analysis
13.3.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
13.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment)
13.4.1 Reduction of Para-Nitrophenol (PNP) using AgNPs, CuNPs and FeNPs as Catalysts
13.4.2 Photocatalytic Activities of AgNPs, CuNPs and FeNPs for the Degradation of Toxic Dye Victoria Blue B under Solar Irradiation
13.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect
13.5.1 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles
13.5.2 Toxicity of Iron Nanoparticles
13.5.3 Toxicity of Copper Nanoparticles
13.5.4 Future Prospect of Silver Copper and Iron Nanoparticles
13.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles
13.7 Concluding Summary
References
Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
14.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium
14.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Synthesis Using Different Microbial Sources
14.2.1.1 Trichoderma Reesei
14.2.1.2 Bacillus Subtilis
14.2.1.3 Bacillus Licheniformis
14.2.1.4 Anogeissus Latifolia
14.2.1.5 Aspergillus Flavus, Trichoderma Gamsii, Talaromyces Flavus and Aspergillus Oryzae
14.2.1.6 Salmonella Typhirium
14.2.1.7 Aspergillus Terreus
14.2.1.8 Spirogyra Varians
14.2.1.9 Pestaloptiopsis Pauciseta
14.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Synthesis by Microbial Medium
14.2.2.1 Actinobacter spp.
14.2.2.2 Bacillus Marisflavi
14.2.2.3 Pseudomonas Veronii AS41G
14.2.2.4 Plectonema Boryanum
14.2.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Synthesis Using Various Microbes
14.2.3.1 Aeromonas Hydrophila
14.2.3.2 Alternaria Alternata
14.2.3.3 Aspergillus Fumigatus
14.2.3.4 Rhodococcus Pyridinivorans
14.2.3.5 Lactobacillus Plantarum
14.2.3.6 Sargassum Muticum
14.2.3.7 Serratia Ureilytica
14.2.4 Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs) Synthesis Using Microorganisms
14.2.4.1 Kocuria Flava
14.2.4.2 Pseudomonas Fluorescens
14.2.4.3 Morganella sp.
14.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium
14.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Synthesis by Plant Sources
14.3.1.1 Terminalia Chebula
14.3.1.2 Tinospora Cordifolia
14.3.1.3 Tamarix Gallica
14.3.1.4 Vitex Negundo
14.3.1.5 Tragia Involucrata, Cymbopogon Citronella, Solanum Verbascifolium and Tylophora Ovata
14.3.1.6 Myrmecodia Pendans
14.3.1.7 Pelargonium Graveolens (Geranium)
14.3.1.8 Phoenix Dactylifera
14.3.1.9 Cassia Tora
14.3.1.10 Allium Cepa (onion)
14.3.1.11 Phyllanthus Amarus
14.3.1.12 Terminalia Cuneata
14.3.1.13 Coleus Aromaticus
14.3.1.14 Argyreia Nervosa
14.3.1.15 Aloe Vera
14.3.1.16 Catuneregum Spinosa
14.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Synthesis Using Green Sources
14.3.2.1 Jacaranda Mimosifolia
14.3.2.2 Plectranthus Amboinicus
14.3.2.3 Azadirachta Indica
14.3.2.4 Trifolium Pratense
14.3.2.5 Pongamia Pinnata
14.3.2.6 Laurus Nobilis
14.3.2.7 Vitex Trifolia
14.3.2.8 Euphorbia Jatropa
14.3.2.9 Moringa Oleifera
14.3.2.10 Carrisa Edulis
14.3.3 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Synthesis Using Plant Sources
14.3.3.1 Galaxaura Elongata
14.3.3.2 Capsicum Annuum
14.3.3.3 Cassia Auriculata
14.3.3.4 Euphorbia Hirta
14.3.3.5 Olea Europaea (Olive)
14.3.3.6 Solanum Tuberosum (Potato)
14.3.3.7 Camellia Sinensis
14.3.3.8 Amomum Subulatum
14.3.4 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO NPs) Synthesis Using Plant Sources
14.3.4.1 Punica Granatum
14.3.4.2 Thymus Vulgaris
14.3.4.3 Tecoma Castanifolia
14.3.4.4 Matricaria Chamomilla
14.3.5 Palladium Nanoparticles (PdNPs) Synthesis Using Plant Sources
14.3.5.1 Camellia Sinensis
14.3.5.2 Catharanthus Roseus
14.3.5.3 Euphorbia Thymifolia
14.3.5.4 Salvia Hydrangea
14.3.5.5 Cocos Nucifera
14.3.5.6 Phyllanthus Emblica
14.3.5.7 Annona Squamosa
14.3.6 Tin Oxide Nanoparticles (Sno2 NPs) Synthesis Using Plant Sources
14.3.6.1 Cyphomandra Betacea
14.3.6.2 Persia Americana
14.3.6.3 Catunaregum Spinosa
14.3.6.4 Aspalathus Linearis
14.3.6.5 Piper Nigrum
14.3.7 Nickel And Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles (Ni and NiO NPs) Using Various Plant Sources
14.3.7.1 Cocos Nucifera
14.3.7.2 Ocimum Sanctum
14.3.7.3 Agathosma Betulina
14.3.7.4 Moringa Oleifera
14.4 Applications
14.4.1 Biomedical Application
14.4.2 Antibacterial Properties
14.4.3 Dye Degradation
14.4.4 Electrochemical Application
14.5 Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
15 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures
15.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation
15.3.1 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructured Materials as Sensors for Environmentally Hazardous Gases
15.3.1.1 Mechanism of Gas Sensing
15.3.1.2 Effect of Morphology on Gas-Sensing Properties of SnO2
15.3.1.3 Effect of Heterojunction on Gas-Sensing Properties of SnO2
15.3.1.4 Effect of Carbon Composites on Gas-Sensing Properties of SnO2
15.3.2 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts and Adsorbents for Decontamination of Wastewater
15.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage
15.4.1 Clean Energy Generation
15.4.1.1 Advanced Tin-Oxide-Based Photo-Electro-Catalyst for Water Splitting
15.4.1.2 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures as Anode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
15.4.2 High-Performance Energy Storage Devices
15.4.2.1 Tin-Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for High-Energy Lithium Ion Batteries
15.4.2.2 Tin-Oxide Nanomaterials-Based Supercapacitors
15.5 Discussion and Future Prospects
15.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles
16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development
16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles
16.1.1 What is Green Chemistry and Why is it Gaining Importance Nowadays?
16.1.2 Literature Survey on the Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
16.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles
16.2.1 Plant Mediated Synthesis
16.2.1.1 Synthesis of AuNPs
16.2.1.2 Synthesis of AgNPs
16.2.2 Microbes Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
16.2.2.1 AuNPs by Microbe Mediated Synthesis
16.2.2.2 Microbe Mediated Synthesis of AgNPs
16.2.3 Algae Mediated Synthesis
16.2.3.1 AuNPs Synthesis
16.2.3.2 Algae and Fungi Mediated Synthesis of AgNPs
16.2.4 Other Environmental Friendly Synthesis Approaches for Ag/AuNPs
16.2.5 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles
16.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach
16.4 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgment
References
17 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles
17.2.1 Chemical Processes
17.2.2 Physical Methods
17.2.3 Biological Processes
17.3 Toxicology of PtNPs
17.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs
17.4.1 PtNPs in Cancer Therapy
17.4.2 PtNPs in Photothermal Therapy and Radiotherapy
17.4.3 Antibacterial Applications of PtNPs
17.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications
17.5.1 PtNPs in Nanomedicine
17.5.2 PtNPs in Nanodiagnostics
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field
18.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles
18.3.1 As Anticancer Agent
18.3.2 Acaricidal Agent
18.3.3 Anti-Biofouling Agent
18.3.4 As an Anti-Inflammatory Agent and Anti-Cholinesterase
18.3.5 Antileishmanial Agent
18.3.6 Antimicrobial and Antifungal
18.3.6.1 Disc or Well Diffusion Method
18.3.6.2 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) or Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)
18.3.7 As Antioxidant
18.3.8 Wound Healing
18.3.9 Drug Delivery and Hemolytic Activity
18.3.10 Antidiabetic and Cytotoxic
18.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots
19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes
19.1 Introduction
19.2 About QDs
19.3 General Applications of QDs
19.3.1 Applications of QDs as Analytical Fluorescent Probes
19.3.2 Application of QDs in Bioimaging
19.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines
19.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents
19.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity
19.6.1 Mechanism of Action of QDs Alone
19.6.2 Mechanism of Action of QDs with Complex Molecules
19.6.3 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Fluorescence Image Detection on Bacteria
19.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent
19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Index
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