Understanding Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation

1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 5]
3 - Copyright [Seite 6]
4 - Contents [Seite 7]
5 - Preface [Seite 13]
6 - Acknowledgments [Seite 15]
7 - About the Authors [Seite 17]
8 - Nomenclature [Seite 19]
9 - Chapter 1 General Introduction [Seite 21]
9.1 - 1.1 Overview of Distillation Processes [Seite 21]
9.2 - 1.2 Membrane Distillation (MD) [Seite 25]
9.2.1 - 1.2.1 Historical Perspective [Seite 25]
9.2.2 - 1.2.2 MD Process [Seite 27]
9.3 - 1.3 Osmotic Distillation (OD) [Seite 31]
9.3.1 - 1.3.1 Historical Perspective [Seite 31]
9.3.2 - 1.3.2 OD Process [Seite 32]
9.4 - 1.4 MD and OD as Alternatives to Established Stripping Processes [Seite 34]
9.4.1 - 1.4.1 Nonvolatile Solutes Retention [Seite 35]
9.4.2 - 1.4.2 Minimization of Heat Damage to Feed Components [Seite 35]
9.4.3 - 1.4.3 Organic Volatiles Retention [Seite 38]
9.4.4 - 1.4.4 Production of Highly Concentrated Solutions [Seite 39]
9.4.5 - 1.4.5 Utilization of Waste Heat or Heat from Natural Sources [Seite 40]
9.5 - 1.5 Established Stripping Processes [Seite 40]
9.5.1 - 1.5.1 Multistage Flash Distillation (MSF) [Seite 40]
9.5.2 - 1.5.2 Multiple-Effect Distillation (MED) [Seite 42]
9.5.3 - 1.5.3 Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD) [Seite 45]
9.5.4 - 1.5.4 Freeze Concentration (FC) [Seite 46]
9.5.5 - 1.5.5 Reverse Osmosis (RO) [Seite 48]
9.5.6 - 1.5.6 Electrodialysis (ED) [Seite 51]
9.6 - 1.6 Other Membrane Processes [Seite 52]
9.6.1 - 1.6.1 Microfiltration (MF) [Seite 53]
9.6.2 - 1.6.2 Ultrafiltration (UF) [Seite 54]
9.6.3 - 1.6.3 Nanofiltration (NF) [Seite 56]
9.7 - 1.7 Concluding Remarks [Seite 58]
10 - Chapter 2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Distillation [Seite 59]
10.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 59]
10.2 - 2.2 MD Theory [Seite 60]
10.2.1 - 2.2.1 Preliminary Considerations [Seite 60]
10.2.1.1 - 2.2.1.1 Concentration Polarization [Seite 62]
10.2.1.2 - 2.2.1.2 Temperature Polarization [Seite 64]
10.2.2 - 2.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment [Seite 65]
10.2.3 - 2.2.3 Overall Driving Force, ??????pb [Seite 66]
10.2.4 - 2.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K [Seite 70]
10.2.4.1 - 2.2.4.1 Feed-Side Mass Transfer [Seite 71]
10.2.4.2 - 2.2.4.2 Membrane Mass Transfer [Seite 74]
10.2.4.3 - 2.2.4.3 Strip-Side Mass Transfer [Seite 80]
10.2.5 - 2.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ??????v [Seite 80]
10.2.5.1 - 2.2.5.1 DCMD [Seite 81]
10.2.5.2 - 2.2.5.2 AGMD [Seite 84]
10.2.5.3 - 2.2.5.3 SGMD [Seite 86]
10.2.5.4 - 2.2.5.4 VMD [Seite 87]
10.3 - 2.3 MD Membrane Requirements [Seite 88]
10.4 - 2.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on MD Performance [Seite 91]
10.4.1 - 2.4.1 Feed Temperature [Seite 91]
10.4.2 - 2.4.2 Strip Temperature [Seite 92]
10.4.3 - 2.4.3 Feed Solutes Concentration [Seite 92]
10.4.4 - 2.4.4 Feed Velocity [Seite 93]
10.4.5 - 2.4.5 Strip Velocity [Seite 95]
10.4.6 - 2.4.6 Membrane Type [Seite 96]
10.4.7 - 2.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting MD Performance [Seite 97]
10.5 - 2.5 MD Process Economics [Seite 99]
10.6 - 2.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 102]
11 - Chapter 3 Theoretical Aspects of Osmotic Distillation [Seite 105]
11.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 105]
11.2 - 3.2 OD Theory [Seite 107]
11.2.1 - 3.2.1 Preliminary Considerations [Seite 107]
11.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Concentration Polarization [Seite 107]
11.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Temperature Polarization [Seite 109]
11.2.2 - 3.2.2 Overall Approach to Theoretical Treatment [Seite 110]
11.2.3 - 3.2.3 Overall Driving Force, ??????pb [Seite 112]
11.2.3.1 - 3.2.3.1 Selection of an Osmotic Agent [Seite 113]
11.2.3.2 - 3.2.3.2 Calculation of ??????pb [Seite 115]
11.2.4 - 3.2.4 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient, K [Seite 116]
11.2.5 - 3.2.5 Vapor Pressure Polarization Coefficient, ??????pb [Seite 117]
11.3 - 3.3 OD Membrane Requirements [Seite 117]
11.4 - 3.4 Effect of Operating Conditions on OD Performance [Seite 118]
11.4.1 - 3.4.1 Osmotic Agent Concentration [Seite 119]
11.4.2 - 3.4.2 Feed Solutes Concentration [Seite 119]
11.4.3 - 3.4.3 Feed Velocity [Seite 120]
11.4.4 - 3.4.4 Strip Velocity [Seite 120]
11.4.5 - 3.4.5 Feed and Strip Temperature [Seite 121]
11.4.6 - 3.4.6 Membrane Type [Seite 121]
11.4.7 - 3.4.7 Summary of Conditions Affecting OD Performance [Seite 123]
11.5 - 3.5 OD Process Economics [Seite 123]
11.6 - 3.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 125]
12 - Chapter 4 Properties of Macroporous Hydrophobic Membranes [Seite 127]
12.1 - 4.1 Introduction [Seite 127]
12.2 - 4.2 Theoretical Aspects of Membrane Hydrophobicity [Seite 128]
12.3 - 4.3 Membrane Types [Seite 131]
12.3.1 - 4.3.1 Polypropylene (PP) [Seite 133]
12.3.2 - 4.3.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [Seite 135]
12.3.3 - 4.3.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) [Seite 138]
12.3.4 - 4.3.4 Tailored PVDF-Based Membranes [Seite 138]
12.3.5 - 4.3.5 Polyazole Membranes [Seite 139]
12.3.6 - 4.3.6 Nanofibrous PVDF-PTFE Membranes [Seite 141]
12.3.7 - 4.3.7 Surface-Modified Hydrophilic Membranes [Seite 142]
12.3.8 - 4.3.8 Inorganic Membranes [Seite 142]
12.4 - 4.4 Fouling of Hydrophobic Membranes [Seite 143]
12.4.1 - 4.4.1 Inorganic Fouling or Scaling [Seite 146]
12.4.2 - 4.4.2 Organic Fouling [Seite 147]
12.4.3 - 4.4.3 Biological Fouling [Seite 149]
12.4.4 - 4.4.4 Clean-in-Place (CIP) Operating Conditions [Seite 149]
12.5 - 4.5 Protection Against Membrane Wet-Out [Seite 150]
12.6 - 4.6 Hydrophobicity Restoration [Seite 152]
12.7 - 4.7 Membrane Module Requirements [Seite 152]
12.7.1 - 4.7.1 Plate-and-Frame Modules [Seite 153]
12.7.2 - 4.7.2 Spiral Wound Modules [Seite 154]
12.7.3 - 4.7.3 Hollow-Fiber Modules [Seite 155]
12.8 - 4.8 Concluding Remarks [Seite 157]
13 - Chapter 5 Membrane Distillation Applications [Seite 159]
13.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 159]
13.1.1 - 5.1.1 Water Recovery [Seite 160]
13.1.2 - 5.1.2 Electrical Energy Consumption [Seite 161]
13.1.3 - 5.1.3 Thermal Energy Consumption [Seite 161]
13.2 - 5.2 Desalination [Seite 162]
13.2.1 - 5.2.1 Water Pretreatment [Seite 163]
13.2.2 - 5.2.2 Brine Disposal [Seite 165]
13.2.3 - 5.2.3 Applications [Seite 165]
13.3 - 5.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment [Seite 167]
13.3.1 - 5.3.1 Radioactive Waste Treatment [Seite 170]
13.3.2 - 5.3.2 Concentration of Nonvolatile Acids [Seite 173]
13.3.3 - 5.3.3 Volatile Acid Recovery from Industrial Effluents [Seite 173]
13.3.4 - 5.3.4 Salt Recovery by Membrane Distillation Crystallization (MDC) [Seite 174]
13.3.5 - 5.3.5 Textile Industry Applications [Seite 175]
13.4 - 5.4 Production of Liquid Food Concentrates [Seite 176]
13.5 - 5.5 Miscellaneous Applications [Seite 181]
13.5.1 - 5.5.1 Volatiles Recovery from Fruit Juice by VMD and SGMD [Seite 181]
13.5.2 - 5.5.2 Dealcoholization of Fermented Beverages Using DCMD [Seite 182]
13.5.3 - 5.5.3 Enhanced Ethanol Production Using DCMD [Seite 183]
13.5.4 - 5.5.4 Production of Pharmaceutical Products [Seite 184]
13.6 - 5.6 Concluding Remarks [Seite 185]
14 - Chapter 6 Osmotic Distillation Applications [Seite 187]
14.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 187]
14.2 - 6.2 Fruit and Vegetable Juice Applications [Seite 196]
14.2.1 - 6.2.1 Orange Juice [Seite 196]
14.2.1.1 - 6.2.1.1 Integrated MF-OD Processing [Seite 196]
14.2.1.2 - 6.2.1.2 Integrated UF-OD Processing [Seite 199]
14.2.1.3 - 6.2.1.3 Integrated UF-RO-OD Processing [Seite 200]
14.2.2 - 6.2.2 Apple Juice [Seite 203]
14.2.2.1 - 6.2.2.1 Preliminary Combined OD-MD Application [Seite 203]
14.2.2.2 - 6.2.2.2 Integrated UF-OD, UF-DCMD, and UF-Combined OD-MD Processing [Seite 204]
14.2.3 - 6.2.3 Kiwifruit Juice [Seite 207]
14.2.3.1 - 6.2.3.1 Integrated UF-OD Processing [Seite 207]
14.2.3.2 - 6.2.3.2 Kiwifruit Aroma Recovery by PV [Seite 208]
14.2.4 - 6.2.4 Grape Juice [Seite 210]
14.2.4.1 - 6.2.4.1 Integrated UF-OD Processing [Seite 210]
14.2.5 - 6.2.5 Melon Juice [Seite 213]
14.2.5.1 - 6.2.5.1 Integrated MF-OD Processing [Seite 213]
14.2.6 - 6.2.6 Camu Camu Juice [Seite 216]
14.2.6.1 - 6.2.6.1 Integrated MF-RO and MF-Combined OD-MD Processing [Seite 216]
14.2.7 - 6.2.7 Pomegranate Juice [Seite 218]
14.2.7.1 - 6.2.7.1 Integrated UF-OD Processing [Seite 218]
14.2.8 - 6.2.8 Tomato Juice [Seite 220]
14.2.8.1 - 6.2.8.1 Integrated MF (or UF)-RO-OD Processing [Seite 220]
14.2.9 - 6.2.9 Passion Fruit Juice [Seite 223]
14.2.9.1 - 6.2.9.1 Integrated MF-OD Processing [Seite 223]
14.2.9.2 - 6.2.9.2 Integrated UF-OD Processing [Seite 224]
14.2.10 - 6.2.10 Pineapple Juice [Seite 226]
14.2.10.1 - 6.2.10.1 Integrated MF-OD Processing [Seite 226]
14.2.11 - 6.2.11 Cornelian Cherry, Blackthorn, and Common Whitebeam Juice [Seite 227]
14.2.11.1 - 6.2.11.1 Integrated UF-Combined OD-MD Processing [Seite 227]
14.2.12 - 6.2.12 Sour Cherry Juice [Seite 227]
14.2.13 - 6.2.13 Cranberry Juice [Seite 228]
14.2.13.1 - 6.2.13.1 Integrated MF-OD Processing [Seite 228]
14.3 - 6.3 Other Applications [Seite 229]
14.3.1 - 6.3.1 Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Olive Mill Wastewater [Seite 229]
14.3.1.1 - 6.3.1.1 Integrated MF-NF-OD Processing [Seite 229]
14.3.1.2 - 6.3.1.2 OD and Combined OD-DCMD Processing without Pretreatment [Seite 231]
14.3.2 - 6.3.2 Recovery of Flavonoids from Orange Press Liquor [Seite 232]
14.3.2.1 - 6.3.2.1 Integrated UF-NF-OD Processing [Seite 232]
14.3.3 - 6.3.3 Echinacea Extract Concentration [Seite 233]
14.3.3.1 - 6.3.3.1 Integrated PV-MF-Combined OD-MD Processing [Seite 233]
14.3.4 - 6.3.4 Reconcentration of Spent Osmotic Dehydration Sucrose Solutions [Seite 235]
14.3.5 - 6.3.5 Aroma Recovery from Artificial Solutions [Seite 236]
14.3.5.1 - 6.3.5.1 Integrated OD-VMD Processing [Seite 236]
14.4 - 6.4 Concluding Remarks [Seite 238]
15 - Chapter 7 Future Prospects for Membrane Distillation and Osmotic Distillation [Seite 241]
15.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 241]
15.2 - 7.2 Membrane Module Design [Seite 242]
15.3 - 7.3 Membrane Protection Against Wet-Out [Seite 244]
15.3.1 - 7.3.1 Reclamation of Water for Reuse During Long-Duration Human Space Missions [Seite 245]
15.3.2 - 7.3.2 Production of Citrus Fruit Juice Concentrates [Seite 246]
15.3.3 - 7.3.3 Whole Milk Concentration on the Farm [Seite 247]
15.3.4 - 7.3.4 Concentration of Detergent-Containing Radioactive Waste Solutions [Seite 248]
15.4 - 7.4 Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources [Seite 248]
15.5 - 7.5 Membrane-Based Factory Processes of the Future: A Hypothetical Example [Seite 251]
15.6 - 7.6 End Note [Seite 255]
16 - References [Seite 257]
17 - Index [Seite 281]
18 - EULA [Seite 288]