Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth

Introduction.- Part I. Historical Perspectives.- Vertebrates of Upper Mesopotamia: Present Evidence and Archaeological Data.- Fishing Gears and Methods: A Comparison of Ancient Mesopotamia and Other Ancient Worlds.- Ichthyological Characteristics Available in the Fish Images Existed in the Art of the Ancient Mesopotamia.- The Effectiveness of Ancient Mesopotamian Medical Practices: The Example of susu-Licorice.- Part II. The Abiotic Aspects of the Tigris - Euphrates River System .- Management of Water Resources Using Storage Reservoirs.- Estimation of Irrigated Agricultural Area and Water Consumption in Iraq.- The Nature of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers Flow: Current Status and Future Prospective.- Streamflow Alteration Impacts with Particular Reference to the Lower Zab River, Tributary of the Tigris River.- Ecohydrology in Iraq: Challenges and its Future Pathways.- Oil Pollution in the Shatt Al-Arab River and its Estuary 1980-2018.- Pesticides in the Waters, Sediments, and Biota of the Shatt Al-Arab River for the Period 1980-2017.- Surface Water Salinity of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt al-Arab Rivers.- Renewable Energy for Water-Energy Nexus in Euphrates and Tigris River Basin: A Literature Review.- Impacts of Dams on Aquatic Biodiversity, Fisheries, Fishes and Their Environment: Problems that Could Be Present in Iraq with Recommendations.- Water, Politics and Dams in the Mesopotamia Basin of the Northern Middle East: How Turkey Instrumentalises the South-Eastern Anatolia Project for Political, Military and Strategic Interests.- Dams and their Impacts on Fishes in Iran.- Part III. The Biotic Aspects of the Tigris-Euphrates River System .- Preliminary Review of the Aquatic Biodiversity in Al-Kahla River, Missan Province, Iraq.- Freshwater Fish Biodiversity in Iraq: Importance, Threats, Status, and Conservation Challenges.- Effect of Climate Changes on the Freshwater Biodiversity in the Mesopotamian Plain: Recommendations for Avoidanceand Plans for the Future.- River Corridors as a Refuge for Freshwater Biodiversity: Basic Information and Recommendations to the Policymakers for Possible Implications in Iraq.- Biodiversity of Fungi in Aquatic Environment of Iraq.- Potability of Drinking Water in Basra-Iraq.- Algal Studies in Iraqi Inland Waters. A Review.- The Distribution of Epilitic Diatoms in the Turkish Part of the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin.- Plant Biodiversity in Shatt Al-Arab Estuary and Ecological Variations.- Medicinal Plants of Shatt al-Arab River and Adjacent Area.- The Role of Plants as a Canopy in the Inland Waters: Basic Information for Application in Iraq.- The Zooplankton Fauna of the Turkish Part of the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin.- Kinds and Distribution of Icthyoplankton in Shatt Al-Arab River.- Rotifer Diversity in Iranian Waters: A Review.- Biodiversity of the Freshwater Amphipods in Iran.- The Freshwater Molluscs of the Mesopotamian Plain.- Freshwater Annelida of Iraq.- A Critical Checklistof the Inland Fishes Native to the Euphrates and Tigris Drainages.- Fish Fauna of Shatt al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq: A More than Quarter a Century of Changes.- The Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio: Effect on the Environment and the Indigenous Fish Species in Iraq.- The Good and the Bad in Releasing the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella in the Freshwater System: Recommendations for the Policymakers in Iraq.- The Avifauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin.- The Feasible Approaches to Assist Migratory Birds Visiting the Southern Reaches of Mesopotamia.- A Proposal for Establishing Bird Observatory Centre in the South of Iraq.- The Potential Role of Waterbirds as a Vector in Dispersing Invertebrates and Plants in the South of Iraq.- The Wild Mammals of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Basin.- The Amphibians and Reptiles of Euphrates and Tigris Basin.- A Preliminary Pictorial Guide to the Herpetofauna of Tigris and Euphrates River Basin.- Policy Guidance for Sustainable Aquaculture in the Inland Waters of Iraq.- How Possible to Use the Desert Area in Iraq for Aquaculture Industry: Basic Facts and Recommondations.- Aquaculture Industry in Iraq: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives.- Towards an Improved Tilapia Farming in Iraq: Recommendations for Future Application.- Information and Recommendations of Aquaculture Stress and its Source in Hatcheries: The Iraqi Aquaculture Industry Investors.- Exotic and Invasive Freshwater Fishes in the Tigris-Euphrates River System.- Part IV. Water Resources .- The Ecology and Modelling of the Freshwater Ecosystems in Iran.- Enhancing Rural Women's Participation in Fisheries in Iraq.- The Impact of Destructive Fishing Gear on the Fish Biodiversity in the Inland Waters of Iraq.- Evaluating Variations in Fisheries by Means of Fishers' Information: Suggested Methodology to Improve Small-Scale Fisheries in Rivers in Iraq.- A Possibility to Apply a Traditional Fisheries Enforcement Programme in the Inland Waters of Iraq.- Market-ResourceRelations and Fish Seller Livelihood as Seen in Inland Waters of Iraq.- The Potential Impact of Deformities in Fishes upon Aquatic Production: Case of Iraq.- The Impact of some Social Taboos on Fisheries in Iraq.- Inland Water Fishes and Fisheries in Iran.- The Possibility of Introducing an Inland Fisheries Education in Iraq.- The Marine and Diadromous Fisheries of Iraq.- Part V. Stress of the Environment of the Two Rivers.- Fish Deformities in the Freshwater Fishes of Iraq: A Short Review and a Study Case on the Indian Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis .- The Phenomenon of Fluctuating Asymmetry: As Fish Welfare Indicator Represented by Case Study from the Freshwater Fishes of Iraq.- The Studies on Sediments Pollution by Different Types of Metals in Turkey.- Macroplastic and Microplastic in the Freshwater Environment of Southern Iraq: Evidences Obtained from Freshwater Fish Species.- Heavy Metals in Freshwater Invertebrates of Iran: A Review on the Bioaccumulation and Effects.- Fish Parasites of Tigris and Euphrates River Systems.- The Parasites of Fishes of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers: Iraq and Turkey.- Ornamental Fishes: A Looming Danger for Inland Fish Diversity of Iraq.- Part VI. The Health of the Human Community Inhabiting Freshwater Zones .- Aquatic Snails as a Vector of Diseases to the Human in Iran.- Death by Drowning in Rivers in Iraq.- The Dangerous Catfish Species in the Freshwater System of Iraq: First Time Reports on Cases of Envenomation.- Fish Species of the Order Cypriniformes as a Source of Ichthyootoxin and Ichthyogallotoxin in Iraq: Cases Reports.- First Reports on Cases of Hallucinatory Fish Poisoning (Ichthyoallyeinotoxism) and Scombrotoxic Fish Poisoning in Iraq.- Part. VII. Conservation .- Freshwater Management and Conservation in Iran: Past, Present, and Future.- The Need of Biodiversity Conservation Strategies in Iraq: The State of Protected Areas.- Benthic Macroinvertebrates of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers inTurkey.- Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation in Iraq: Recommendations for Management.- Utilising Phenotypic Difference to Regulate Protection Value: A Scheme for Application of a Novel Approach to the Inland Water of Iraq.- Hatchery-Reared Fish Stocks Released into the Wild: A Conservation Problem as Seen in a Case Study from Iraq.- Part VIII. Social Perspectives.- Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full? An Appraisal of the Four Decades of Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP).- Part IX. Food Security.- How Possible to Build Rice-Fish Farming in Iraq in order to Support Food Security Plan: Positive and the Negative Aspects.- The Importance of Non-commercial and Small-Sized Fish Species: A Proposal for an Additional Revenue to Iraq.- Sociocultural Aspects Influence Food Consumption Habits in Iraq: Management of Food Security.- A Preliminary Investigation of Determinants of Food Security in Rural Areas of Basrah Province, Iraq.