Soil Microenvironment for Bioremediation and Polymer Production

Name: Soil Microenvironment for Bioremediation and Polymer Production
Brand: Wiley
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Nazia Jamil Prasun Kumar Rida Batool(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 2. Dezember 2019

420 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part 1: Soil Microenvironment and Biotransformation Mechanisms
1 Applications of Microorganisms in Agriculture for Nutrients Availability
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Land and Soil Deterioration
1.1.2 Micro-Nutrients Lacks
1.2 Biofertilizers
1.3 Rhizosphere
1.4 Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
1.4.1 Nitrogen Fixation
1.4.2 Phosphate Solubilization
1.5 Microbial Mechanisms of Phosphate Solubilization
1.5.1 Organic Phosphate
1.5.1.1 Organic Acid Production
1.5.1.2 Inorganic Acid Production
1.5.1.3 Enzymes Production
1.5.2 Organic Phosphate Solubilization
1.6 Bacterial and Fungi Coinoculation
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Native Soil Bacteria: Potential Agent for Bioremediation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Soil Pollution Scenario
2.2.1 Soil Pollution by Heavy Metals and Xenobiotic Compounds
2.2.2 Soil Pollution by Extensive Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Practices
2.2.3 Pollution Due to Emerging Pollutants (Wastes from Pharmaceutical and Personal-Care Products)
2.2.4 Soil Pollution by Pathogenic Microorganisms
2.2.5 Soil Pollution Due to Oil and Petroleum Hydrocarbons
2.2.6 Soil Pollution by the Nuclear and Radioactive Wastes
2.2.7 Soil Pollution by Military Activities and Warfare
2.3 Effects of Soil Pollution
2.3.1 Effects of Soil Pollution on Plants
2.3.2 Effects of Soil Pollution on Human Health
2.4 Diversity of Soil Bacteria from Contaminated Sites
2.5 Bioremediation of Toxic Pollutants
2.6 Bioremediation Mechanisms
2.7 Factors Affecting Bioremediation/Biosorption Process
2.8 Microbial Bioremediation Approaches
2.8.1 In Situ Bioremediation
2.8.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
2.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Acknowledgements
References
3 Bacterial Mediated Remediation: A Strategy To Combat Pesticide Residues In Agricultural Soil
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effects of Pesticides
3.3 Pesticide Degradation
3.4 Bacterial Mediated Biodegradation of Various Pesticides
3.4.1 Organophosphate Pesticides Degrading Bacteria
3.4.2 Methyl Parathion Mineralizing Bacteria (MP)
3.4.3 Mesotrione Degrading Bacteria
3.4.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons Biodegradation
3.4.5 Bispyribac Sodium (BS) Degrading Bacteria
3.4.6 Carbamates (CRBs) Degradation
3.4.7 Propanil Degradation
3.4.8 Atrazine Degradation
3.4.9 Phenanthrene Degradation
3.4.10 Imidacloprid Degradation
3.4.11 Endusulfan Degradation
3.4.12 DDT
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Study of Plant Microbial Interaction in Formation of Cheese Production: A Vegan's Delight
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cheese Concern - Vegan's Delight
4.3 Microorganism Interaction Pattern
4.4 Types of Microorganism Involved in Cheese Production
4.5 Lactic Acid Role in Fermentation
4.6 Microorganism Involved in Lactic Acid Fermentation
4.7 Streptococcus
4.8 Propionibacterium
4.9 Leuconostoc
4.10 Microorganisms in Flavor Development
4.11 Flavor Production
4.12 Enzymes Interaction during Ripening of Cheese
4.13 Pathways Involved in Cheese Ripening
4.14 Microbes of Interest in Flavor Formation
4.15 Structure of Flavored Compound in Cheese
4.16 Plant-Based Cheese Analogues
4.17 Plant-Based Proteins
4.18 Aspartic Protease
4.19 Cysteine Protease
4.20 Plant-Based Milk Alternatives
4.21 Types of Vegan Cheese
4.22 Future Scope and Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
5 Microbial Remediation of Pesticide Polluted Soils
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Pesticides
5.3 Fate of Pesticides in the Environment
5.3.1 Factors Affecting Pesticide Fate
5.3.2 Pesticides Degradation
5.3.2.1 Abiotic Degradation
5.3.2.2 Biodegradation
5.3.3 Pesticide Remediation
5.4 Screening for Pesticide Degrading Microorganisms
5.4.1 Case Study
5.5 Designing Pesticide Degrading Consortia
5.5.1 Case Study
5.6 Challenges to be Addressed and Future Perspectives
References
6 Eco-Friendly and Economical Method for Detoxification of Pesticides by Microbes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification of Pesticides
6.3 Fate of Pesticide in Soil
6.3.1 Transport of Pesticides in the Environment
6.3.2 Interaction of Pesticides with Soil
6.4 Microbial and Phytoremediation of Pesticides
6.4.1 Biodegradation and Bioremediation
6.4.2 Microbial Remediation of Pesticides
6.4.3 Phytoremediation of Pesticides
6.4.4 Strategies to Enhance the Efficiency of Bioremediation
6.4.4.1 Biostimulation
6.4.4.2 Bioaugmentation
6.4.4.3 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMs)
6.4.5 Metabolic Aspects of Pesticides Bioremediation
6.5 Effects on Human and Environment
6.6 Advancement in Pesticide Bioremediation
6.7 Limitations of Bioremediation
6.8 Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
Part 2: Synergistic Effects Between Substrates and Microbes
7 Bioleaching: A Bioremediation Process to Treat Hazardous Wastes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microbes in Bioleaching
7.2.1 Bacteria
7.2.2 Fungi
7.3 Acidophilic Bioleaching
7.3.1 Contact (Direct) Mechanism
7.3.2 Non-Contact (Indirect) Mechanism
7.4 Metal Removal Pathways
7.4.1 Thiosulphate Pathway
7.4.2 Polysulphide Pathway
7.5 Fungal Bioleaching
7.6 Various Hazardous Wastes
7.6.1 Electronic Wastes (E-Wastes)
7.6.2 Spent Petroleum Catalyst
7.6.3 Sludge
7.6.4 Slag
7.7 Applications of Bioleaching Approach to Various Hazardous Wastes
7.7.1 Bioleaching of Electronic Wastes
7.7.2 Bioleaching of Spent Catalyst
7.7.3 Bioleaching of Sludge (Containing Heavy or Toxic metals)
7.7.4 Bioleaching of Slag
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Microbial Bioremediation of Azo Dyes in Textile Industry Effluent: A Review on Bioreactor-Based Studies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microorganism Involved in Dye Bioremediation
8.2.1 Bacterial Remediation of Dyes
8.2.2 Mycoremediation
8.2.3 Phycoremediation
8.2.4 Consortial (Co-Culture) Dye Bioremediation
8.3 Mechanism of Dye Biodegradation
8.3.1 Anaerobic Azo Dye Reduction
8.3.2 Aerobic Oxidation of Aromatic Amines
8.3.3 Combined Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Azo Dyes
8.4 Reactor Design for Dye Bioremediation
8.4.1 Anaerobic Reactors
8.4.1.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
8.4.1.2 Upflow Anaerobic Fixed Bed (UAFB) Reactor
8.4.1.3 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
8.4.1.4 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
8.4.1.5 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
8.4.1.6 Packed Bed Reactor (PBR)
8.4.1.7 Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)
8.4.1.8 Fixed Film Reactor (FFR)
8.4.2 Aerobic Reactors
8.4.2.1 Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
8.4.2.2 Airlift Reactor (ALR)
8.4.2.3 Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor
8.4.3 Combined (Integrated/Sequential) Bioreactor
8.4.3.1 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Process
8.4.3.2 Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic
8.4.4 Combinatorial Approaches
8.5 Limitations and Future Prospects
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 Antibiofilm Property of Biosurfactant Produced by Nesterenkonia sp. MCCB 225 Against Shrimp Pathogen, Vibrio harveyi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and Methods
9.2.1 Isolation, Screening and Identification of Bacteria
9.2.1.1 Haemolytic Activity
9.2.1.2 Lipolytic Activity
9.2.1.3 Biosurfactant Production
9.2.2 Biofilm Disruption Studies
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.3.1 Bacterial Identification
9.3.2 Biofilm Disruption Studies
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
10 Role of Cr (VI) Resistant Bacillus megaterium in Phytoremediation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Chromate Resistant Bacteria
10.2.2 Determination of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) of Chromate
10.2.3 Ribo-Typing of Bacterial Isolate rCrI
10.2.4 Estimation of Chromate Reduction Potential
10.2.5 Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Profiling
10.2.6 Growth Curve Studies
10.2.6.1 Plant Microbe Interaction Studies
10.2.6.2 Inoculum Preparation
10.2.6.3 Experimental Design Under Laboratory Conditions
10.2.6.4 Experimental Design Under Field Conditions
10.2.6.5 Harvesting
10.2.6.6 Biochemical Analysis
10.2.6.7 Estimation of Peroxidase Activity
10.2.6.8 Extraction and Estimation of Auxin
10.2.6.9 Soluble Protein Extraction for Protein Estimation
10.2.7 Chromium Uptake Estimation
10.2.8 Statistical Analysis
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Isolation and Characterization of Cr(VI) Resistant Bacterial Isolates
10.3.2 Antibiotic and Heavy Metal Resistance Profiling
10.3.3 Estimation of Cr(VI) Reduction Potential
10.3.4 Ribo-Typing of Bacterial Isolate
10.3.5 Growth Curve Studies
10.3.6 Plant Microbe Interaction Studies Under Laboratory Conditions
10.3.6.1 Seed Germination
10.3.6.2 Shoot Length
10.3.6.3 Root Length
10.3.6.4 Number of Roots
10.3.7 Biochemical Parameters
10.3.7.1 Peroxidase Content
10.3.7.2 Auxin Content
10.3.7.3 Soluble Protein Content
10.3.7.4 Chromium Content
10.3.8 Plant Microbe Interaction Studies Under Field Conditions
10.3.8.1 Seed Germination
10.3.8.2 Shoot Length
10.3.8.3 Root Length
10.3.8.4 Number of Roots
10.3.9 Biochemical Parameters
10.3.9.1 Peroxidase Content
10.3.9.2 Auxin Content
10.3.9.3 Soluble Protein Content
10.3.9.4 Chromium Content
10.4 Discussion
10.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
11 Conjugate Magnetic Nanoparticles and Microbial Remediation, a Genuine Technology to Remediate Radioactive Waste
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles Conjugates
11.2.1 Potential Benefits
11.2.2 Synthesis and Application
11.2.3 Factors Affecting Sorption
11.2.4 Limitations
11.3 Microbial Communities
11.3.1 Fungi as Radio-Nuclides Remade
11.3.2 Immobilization of Radionuclide Through Enzymatic Reduction
11.3.3 Immobilization Through Non-Enzymatic Reduction
11.3.4 Bio-Sorption of Radio-Nuclides
11.3.5 Biostimulation
11.3.6 Genetically Modified Microbes
11.3.7 Constraints
11.4 Conclusion
References
Part 3: Polyhydroxyalakanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability
12 Microbial Degradation of Plastics: New Plastic Degraders, Mixed Cultures and Engineering Strategies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plastics
12.2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
12.2.2 Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
12.3 Plastic Disposal, Reuse and Recycling
12.4 Plastic Biodegradation
12.4.1 Plastic-Degrading Microorganisms and Enzymes
12.4.2 Biofilms and Plastic Biodegradation
12.4.3 Boosting Plastic Biodegradation by Physical and Chemical Processes
12.4.4 Pathway and Protein Engineering for Enhanced Plastic Biodegradation
12.4.5 Designing Plastic Degrading Consortia
12.5 Analytical Techniques to Study Plastic Degradation
12.6 Future Perspectives
References
13 Fatty acids as Novel Building-Blocks for Biomaterial Synthesis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polyurethane (PUs)
13.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
13.4 Other Functional Attributes
13.4.1 Biosurfactants
13.4.2 Antibacterials and Biocontrol Agents
13.5 Future Perspectives
References
14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Resources, Demands and Sustainability
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
14.2.1 Properties of PHAs
14.2.2 Production of PHA
14.2.3 PHA Biosynthesis in Natural Isolates
14.2.4 Production of PHA by Digestion of Biological Wastes
14.2.5 PHA Production by Recombinant Bacteria
14.2.6 Production of PHA by Genetically Engineered Plants
14.2.7 PHA Production by Methylotrophs
14.2.8 PHA Production Using Waste Vegetable Oil by Pseudomonas sp. Strain DR2
14.2.9 Mass Production of PHA
14.3 Applications of PHA
14.4 Future Prospects
References
15 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Synthesis by Bacillus aryabhattai C48 Isolated from Cassava Dumpsites in South-Western, Nigeria
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Materials and Methods
15.2.1 Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Characterisation
15.2.2 Detection of PHA Production
15.2.3 Evaluation of PHA Production
15.2.4 Extraction of PHA
15.2.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Extracted PHA
15.2.6 Amplification of PhaC and PhaR Genes of Bacillus aryabhattai C48
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Part 4: Cellulose-Based Biomaterials: Benefits and Challenges
16 Cellulose Nanocrystals-Based Composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification of Polymers
16.3 Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals Composites
16.3.1 Solution Casting
16.3.2 Three Dimensional Printing (3D-Printing)
16.3.3 Electrospinning
16.3.4 Other Processing Techniques
16.4 Cellulose Nanocrystals Reinforced Biopolymers
16.4.1 Starch
16.4.2 Alginate
16.4.3 Chitosan
16.4.4 Cellulose
16.4.5 Other Biopolymers
16.5 Hybrids
16.6 Conclusion and Future Trends
Acknowledgements
References
17 Progress on Production of Cellulose from Bacteria
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Production of Microbial Cellulose (MC)
17.3 Applications of Microbial Cellulose (MC)
17.3.1 Skin Therapy and Wound Healing System
17.3.2 Scaffolds for Artificial Cornea
17.3.3 Cardiovascular Implants
Future Perspective
References
18 Recent Developments of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Extraction of Cellulose Fibers
18.3 Nanocellulose
18.4 Surface Modification
18.4.1 Alkali Treatment (Mercerization)
18.4.2 Silane Treatment
18.4.3 Acetylation
18.5 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials
18.5.1 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
18.5.2 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Drug Delivery
18.5.3 Cellulose-Based Biomaterials for Wound Dressing
18.6 Summary and Future Prospect of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials
Reference
19 Insights of Bacterial Cellulose: Bio and Nano-Polymer Composites Towards Industrial Application
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Nanocellulose
19.1.1.1 Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)
19.1.1.2 Cellulose Nanofibrils (CNF)
19.2 Bacterial Cellulose
19.2.1 Bacterial Strains Producing Cellulose
19.2.2 Different Methods of Bacterial Cellulose Production
19.3 Nanocomposites
19.3.1 Bio-Nanocomposite-Based on CNF
19.3.2 Bio-Nanocomposite-Based on CNC
19.3.3 Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites
19.4 Methods of Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose Composites
19.5 Combination of Bacterial Cellulose with Other Materials
19.5.1 Polymer
19.5.2 Metals and Solid Materials
19.6 Industrial Applications of Bacterial Cellulose Composites
19.6.1 Biomedical Applications
19.6.2 Food Application
19.6.3 Electrical Industry
19.7 Future Scope and Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
20 Biodegradable Polymers Reinforced with Lignin and Lignocellulosic Materials
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biodegradable Polymers
20.2.1 Natural Polymers
20.2.1.1 Polysaccharides
20.2.1.2 Proteins
20.2.2 Biodegradable Polyesters
20.2.2.1 Polyesters Originated from Agro-Resources
20.2.2.2 Polyesters Based on Petroleum Products
20.2.3 Biodegradation
20.2.3.1 Mechanism of Biodegradation
20.2.3.2 Factors Affecting Biodegradation
20.3 Biodegradable Fillers
20.3.1 Plant Fibers as Biodegradable Fillers
20.3.2 Cellulose as Biodegradable Fillers
20.3.3 Lignin as Biodegradable Fillers
20.4 Properties of Different Biopolymers Reinforced with Lignin
20.4.1 Surface Morphology
20.4.2 Mechanical Properties
20.4.3 Thermal Properties
20.5 Applications of Bio-Nanocomposites
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
21 Structure and Properties of Lignin-Based Biopolymers in Polymer Production
21.1 Introduction
21.2 An Insight on the Biopolymers
21.2.1 Natural Lignin Biopolymer
21.2.2 Drawbacks of Lignin Biopolymer
21.3 Extraction and Post-Treatment of Lignin Biomaterial
21.3.1 Extraction Methods and their Effect on the Recovery and Functionality
21.3.1.1 Milled Wood Lignin (MWL)
21.3.1.2 Mild Acidolysis Lignin (MAL)
21.3.1.3 Cellulolytic Enzymes Lignin (CEL)
21.3.1.4 Enzymatic Mild Acidolysis Lignin (EMAL)
21.3.1.5 Kraft Lignin (KL)
21.3.1.6 Lignosulphonate (LS)
21.3.1.7 Soda Lignin (SL)
21.3.1.8 Organosolv Lignin (OSL)
21.3.2 Modification of Lignin Functional Groups
21.3.3 Preparation of Lignin-Based Biopolymers Blends (LBBs)
21.3.3.1 Synthesis of Binary LBBs
21.3.3.2 Synthesis of Ternary LBBs
21.4 Characterization Methods and Validation of Lignin-Biopolymers
21.4.1 Chemical Interaction Between Lignin and Synthetic Polymers
21.4.2 Morphology-Property Relationship of the LBB
21.5 Indispensability of LBB on the Chemical Release Control in the Environment
21.6 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
Index

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