Biofertilizers

Name: Biofertilizers | Study and Impact
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Study and Impact

Inamuddin Mohd Imran Ahamed Rajender Boddula Mashallah Rezakazemi(Herausgeber*in)

Wiley-ISTE (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 23. Juli 2021

688 Seiten

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Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of multiple awards, including the Fast Track Young Scientist Award and the Young Researcher of the Year Award for 2020, from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published almost 200 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 120 edited books with multiple well-known publishers.

Mohd Imran Ahamed, PhD, is a research associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has published several research and review articles in various international scientific journals and has co-edited multiple books. His research work includes ion-exchange chromatography, wastewater treatment, and analysis, bending actuator and electrospinning.

Rajender Boddula, PhD, is currently working for the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative (CAS-PIFI) at the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST, Beijing). His academic honors include multiple fellowships and scholarships, and he has published many scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is also serving as an editorial board member and a referee for several reputed international peer-reviewed journals. He has published edited books with numerous publishers and has authored over twenty book chapters.

Mashallah Rezakazemi, PhD, received his doctorate from the University of Tehran (UT) in 2015. In his first appointment, he served as associate professor in the Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering at Shahrood University of Technology. He has co-authored in more than 140 highly cited journal publications, conference articles and book chapters. He has received numerous major awards and grants from various funding agencies in recognition of his research. Notable among these are Khwarizmi Youth Award from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), and the Outstanding Young Researcher Award in Chemical Engineering from the Academy of Sciences of Iran. He was named a top 1% most Highly Cited Researcher by Web of Science (ESI).

Inhalt

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Biofertilizer Utilization in Forestry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mechanisms of Actions of Biofertilizers
1.2.1 Facilitation of N Acquisition
1.2.2 Facilitation of P Acquisition
1.2.3 Potassium Solubilization
1.2.4 Production of Siderophores
1.2.5 Modulation of Phytohormones
1.2.6 Phytoprotection
1.3 Factors Influencing the Outcome of Forestry-Related Biofertilizer Applications
1.4 Applications of Biofertilizers in Forestry
1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
2. Impact of Biofertilizers on Horticultural Crops
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial Strains Used in Biofertilizers
2.3 Impact of Biofertilizer Application on Horticultural Crops
2.3.1 Increased Yield and Quality of Crops
2.3.2 Enhanced Nutritional Content of Produce
2.3.3 Improved Tolerance Against Biotic Stress
2.3.4 Improved Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress
2.3.5 Improved Vegetative Propagation Efficiency
2.4 Future Perspectives and Challenges Ahead
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. N2 Fixation in Biofertilizers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofertilizers
3.2.1 Origin
3.3 Biofertilizer: Transporter Constituents
3.4 Mechanism of Actions of Biofertilizers
3.5 Biochemistry of Manufacture of Biofertilizer
3.6 Benefits of Biofertilizer Over Biochemical Fertilizers
3.7 Variances Among Organic and Biofertilizer
3.8 Types of Biofertilizers
3.9 Microorganisms Utilized to Make Biofertilizer
3.10 Microorganism in Nitrogen Fixation
3.10.1 Biofertilizers: Symbiotic N-Fixers
3.10.2 Biofertilizers: Free Living N-Fixers
3.10.3 Biofertilizers: Associative Symbiotic N-Fixers
3.11 Phosphorus Solubilizing Microbes
3.12 Conclusion and Future Prospect
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
4. Organic Farming by Biofertilizers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biofertilizers
4.2.1 Benefits of Biofertilizers
4.2.2 Method of Biofertilizer Application
4.2.3 Precautions During Application of Biofertilizers
4.3 Classification of Biofertilizers
4.3.1 Nitrogen Fixer Bacteria
4.3.2 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizers
4.3.3 Mycorrhiza as Biofertilizers
4.3.4 Azolla as Biofertilizer
4.3.5 Vermicompost
4.4 Organic Farming
4.4.1 Objectives of Organic Farming
4.4.2 Benefits of Organic Farming
4.4.3 Benefit for Environment
4.4.4 Methods of Organic Farming
4.4.5 Techniques for Organic Farming
4.5 Traditional Agriculture vs. Organic and Inorganic Farming
4.5.1 Problems Created by Traditional Farming
4.6 Reasons for Doing Organic Farming
4.6.1 To Save Soil Health
4.6.2 To Preserve Nutrients
4.6.3 To Reduce the Cost of Agriculture
4.6.4 To Prevent Hazardous Elements in Animal Products
4.6.5 To Protect the Environment
4.6.6 Natural and Good Taste
4.7 Advantage of Organic Farming
4.7.1 Good Nutrition
4.7.2 Good Health
4.7.3 Freedom From Poison
4.7.4 Less Money
4.7.5 Great Taste
4.7.6 Environmental Safety
4.8 Disadvantages of Organic Farming
4.8.1 Lack of Information
4.8.2 Lack of Outline
4.8.3 Making More Money in the Beginning
4.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
5. Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms
5.1 Phosphorus Pollution
5.2 Phosphate Solubilization
5.3 Microbial Mechanisms of Phosphate Solubilization
5.3.1 Organic Phosphate Solubilization
5.3.2 Inorganic Phosphate Solubilization
5.4 Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria
5.5 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi
5.5.1 Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi as Plant Growth Promoters
5.5.2 The Methods of using Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi in Agriculture
5.6 Bacteria-Fungi Consortium for Phosphate Solubilization
5.7 Conclusions
References
6. Exophytical and Endophytical Interactions of Plants and Microbial Activities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Beneficial Interactions
6.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
6.2.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms
6.2.3 Rhizobia
6.2.4 Endophytes
6.3 Pathogenic (Harmful) Interactions
6.3.1 Oomycetes
6.3.2 Fungi
6.3.3 Bacteria
6.3.4 Viruses
6.4 Conclusion
References
7. Biofertilizer Formulations
List of Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Evolution of Biofertilizers
7.1.2 Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Approach
7.2 Biofertilizer Formulations
7.2.1 Selection of Strain
7.3 Types of Formulations
7.3.1 Carrier-Based/Powder Formulations
7.3.2 Granular Formulations
7.3.3 Liquid Formulations
7.3.4 Cell Immobilization
7.3.5 Fluid Bed-Dried Formulation
7.3.6 Mycorrhizal Formulations
7.4 Stickers
7.5 Additives
7.6 Packaging
7.7 Conclusion
References
8. Scoping the Use of Transgenic Microorganisms as Potential Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Safety
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of Nitrogen in Plant Growth and Development
8.2.1 Microorganisms Involved in Nitrogen Fixation
8.3 Importance of Phosphorus
8.3.1 Microbes Involved in Phosphate Solubilization
8.3.2 Reducing the pH of Soil
8.3.3 Mineralization
8.3.4 Chelation
8.3.5 Promotion of Plant Growth by PSMs
8.3.6 Approach of Using PSMs as Biofertilizer and the Future Perspective
8.4 Significance of Potassium (K)
8.4.1 Microorganisms Involved in Potassium Hydrolyzation
8.4.2 Effect of KSB on Plant Growth and Yield
8.4.3 Abilities and Objections of K Solubilizing Bacteria
8.5 Biofertilizers Used in Agriculture
8.5.1 Mycorrhiza
8.5.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
8.6 Role of Biotechnology in Agricultural Sector
8.6.1 Development of Potent Microbial Strains Through Genetic Engineering Approach to Produce Efficient Biofertilizers
8.6.2 Genetically Altered Transgenic Azotobacter vinelandii as an Effective Diazotrophs Biofertilizer
8.6.3 Phytostimuators and Biofertilizers
8.6.4 Azospirillum
8.6.5 Generation of Genetically Modified Transgenic Azospirillum Strains With Enhanced Levels of Phytoharmone Secretion
8.6.6 Development of Rhizobium Strains With Increased Competitiveness by Genetic Modification
8.6.7 Effect of GM Rhizobial strains on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi
8.6.8 Release of Genetically Manipulated Rhizobium for Field Trails
8.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Biofertilizer Utilization in Agricultural Sector
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Application of Biofertilizer as Bioaugmentation Agent for Bioremediation of Heavily Polluted Soil
9.3 Advantages of Biofertilizer in Comparison With Synthetic Fertilizer
9.4 Specific Examples of a Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement in Agricultural Sector
9.5 Management of Biotic and Abiotic Stress
9.6 Combinatory Effect of Biofertilizer With Other Substance and Their Effect on Crops
9.7 Conclusion and Recommendation to Knowledge
References
10 Azospirillum: A Salient Source for Sustainable Agriculture
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The Genus Azospirillum
10.1.2 Properties of Azospirillum spp.
10.2 Azospirillum and Induction of Stimulatory Effects for Promoting Plant Growth
10.3 Applications in Various Fields
10.4 Current Status
10.5 Challenges in Large-Scale Commercial Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants
10.6 Programs Employed for Enhanced Applications of Azospirillum Inoculants
10.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
11. Actinomycetes: Implications and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role in Maintaining Soil Fertility
11.2.1 Nitrogen Fixation
11.2.2 Phosphate Solubilization
11.2.3 Potassium Solubilization
11.3 Role in Maintaining Soil Ecology
11.4 Role as Biocontrol Agents
11.4.1 Production of Antibiotics
11.4.2 Production of Siderophores
11.4.3 Production of Hydrogen Cyanide
11.4.4 Production of Lytic Enzymes
11.5 Role as Plant Stress Busters
11.5.1 Resistance From Heavy Metal Toxicity
11.5.2 Resistance Against Drought/Water Deficit
11.5.3 Resistance Toward Salinity
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Future Perspectives
References
12. Influence of Growth Pattern of Cyanobacterial Species on Biofertilizer Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Habit and Habitat of Cyanobacteria
12.3 Morphology and Mode of Reproduction
12.4 Role of a Fertilizer in Plant Growth
12.4.1 Synthetic Fertilizers
12.4.2 Organic Fertilizers
12.4.3 Biofertilizer
12.5 Cyanobacteria as Biofertilizer
12.6 Production of Cyanobacteria
12.7 Methods for In Vitro Culture of Cyanobacteria
12.7.1 Macro- and Microelements
12.7.2 Temperature
12.7.3 Light and Cell Density
12.7.4 Media
12.8 Methods for Gene Transfer into Cyanobacteria
12.8.1 DNA-Mediated Transformation
12.8.2 Electroporation
12.8.3 Conjugation
12.8.4 Biolistic Method
12.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
12.10 Abbreviations
References
13. Biofertilizers Application in Agriculture: A Viable Option to Chemical Fertilizers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemical Fertilizer
13.2.1 Customized Fertilizers
13.2.2 Fortified Fertilizer
13.3 Biofertilizers
13.3.1 Biocompost
13.3.2 Trichocard
13.3.3 Trichocard Production
13.3.4 Azotobacter
13.3.5 Phosphorus
13.3.6 Vermicompost
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Abbreviations
References
14. Quality Control of Biofertilizers
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Biofertilizer Requirement and Supply
14.3 Process of Biofertilizer Quality Control
14.4 Requirement of Quality Control
14.5 Standards for Biofertilizers Quality Control
14.6 Methods for Quality Testing
14.6.1 Microbiological Methods
14.6.2 Serological Methods
14.6.3 Molecular Methods
14.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15 Biofertilizers: Characteristic Features and Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of Biofertilizers
15.3 Characteristic Features and Applications of Biofertilizers
15.3.1 Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer
15.3.2 Actinomycetes
15.3.3 Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii
15.3.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
15.3.5 Bacillus thuringiensis
15.3.6 Microalgae
15.4 Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and Fungus (PSF)
15.4.1 Azotobacter
15.4.2 Azospirillum
15.4.3 Paenibacillus
15.4.4 Phyllosphere Associated Methylobacterium
15.4.5 MO Plus Biofertilizer
15.5 Effect of Biofertilizer on Various Plants (Experimental Design)
15.5.1 Azotobacter spp. (AZT) and Azospirillum spp. (AZP) on Eucalyptus grandis
15.5.2 Bradyrhizobium Strains and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Some Leguminous, Cereal, and Vegetable Crops
15.5.3 Rhizobium and Rhizobacteria on Trifolium repens
15.5.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi on Coffee Plants
15.6 Screening of Microbes for Biofertilizer
15.6.1 Screening for Phosphate Solubilization
15.6.2 Screening for Potassium Solubilizing
15.6.3 Screening for Nitrogen-Fixing
15.6.4 Screening for Zinc Solubilization
15.6.5 Screening for Ammonia Production
15.6.6 Screening for Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) Production
15.6.7 Screening for Siderophores
15.6.8 Screening for Auxin Production
15.6.9 Screening for Gibberellic Acid Production
15.6.10 Screening for Production of Chitinase
15.7 Limitations of Biofertilizers
15.8 Success of Biofertilizer
15.9 Debottlenecking
15.10 Optimization of Biofertilizer
15.10.1 Optimization of Phosphate Solubilization
15.11 Concomitant of Biofertilizer
15.12 New Approach
15.13 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
16. Fabrication Approaches for Biofertilizers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biofertilizers
16.3 Types of Biofertilizers
16.3.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers
16.3.2 Phosphorus-Solubilizing Biofertilizers
16.3.3 Phosphate-Mobilizing Biofertilizer (Mycorrhizae)
16.3.4 Potassium Biofertilizer
16.3.5 Growth-Promoting Biofertilizers
16.3.6 Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria)
16.4 Preparation Approaches for Biofertilizers
16.4.1 Inoculant Formulation
16.4.2 Carriers for Biofertilizer Preparation
16.4.3 Carrier Form
16.5 Methods of Biofertilizer Formulation
16.5.1 Solid-Based Carrier Bioformulation
16.5.2 Liquid Inoculants Formulation
16.5.3 Polymer-Based Formulation
16.5.4 Fluidized Bed Dried Formulation
16.5.5 Particles From Gas Saturated Solutions (PGSS) Method
16.5.6 Bionanoformulations
16.6 Application Modes for Biofertilizers
16.6.1 Seed Treatment
16.6.2 Seedling Root Dipping
16.6.3 Soil Application
16.7 Factors Affecting the Preparation of Biofertilizers
16.8 Beneficial Effects of Biofertilizers
16.9 Challenges and Limitations of Biofertilizers
16.10 Future Prospects
16.11 Conclusion
References
17. Biofertilizers From Waste
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Waste Sources
17.3 Technologies for Waste Treatment
17.3.1 Conventional Technologies
17.3.2 Emerging Technologies
17.4 Main Applications of Microalgae Biofertilizers
17.4.1 Fertility and Soil Quality
17.4.2 Promotion of Plant Growth, Disease, and Pest Control
17.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
18. Biofertilizers Industry Profiles in Market
18.1 Biofertilizers and Biofertilizer Technology
18.1.1 Benefits of Different Biofertilizers
18.2 Limitations in Usage of Biofertilizers
18.3 Biofertilizer Market Segments
18.4 Biofertilizers Market Drivers in India
18.5 Present Scenario of Biofertilizer Market
18.6 Key Players of Biofertilizers in Indian Market
18.7 Problems in Promotion of Biofertilizer
18.8 Popular Marketed Biofertilizers in Indian Market
18.9 Recent Trends in Biofertilizer: Liquid Biofertilizer
18.9.1 Specialties of Liquid Biofertilizer
18.10 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
19. Case Study on Biofertilizer Utilization in African Continents
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Specific Examples of Biofertilizer for Crop Improvement, Environmental Bioremediation, and Their Advantages and Challenges in Africa
19.3 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
20. Biofertilizers: Prospects and Challenges for Future
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Definition
20.2.1 Helper Bacteria
20.2.2 The Point of Difference
20.3 Advances in Biofertilizer
20.4 Preparation of Biofertilizer
20.5 The Carrier Materials
20.6 Production System of Biofertilizer
20.7 Mechanism of Growth-Promoting Activity of Biofertilizers
20.8 Advantages and Limitations
20.9 Future Aspects
20.10 Conclusion
References
21. Biofertilizers: Past, Present, and Future
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Biofertilizer: A Brief History
21.3 Biofertilizer Classification
21.4 Different Paradigms of Biofertilizers
21.4.1 Impregnation of Fertilizers and Fertilizer Use Efficiency
21.4.2 Inoculants of Mixtures of Microorganisms
21.4.3 Different Formulations of Inoculants
21.4.4 Inoculant Carrier
21.4.5 Biofertilizer Carriers and Liquid Formulations
21.4.6 Controlled Release Techniques: Encapsulation, Lyophilization, and Drying
21.5 Biofertilizers: Current Status
21.6 Biofertilizers: Future Paradigm
21.7 Conclusion
References
22. Algal Biofertilizer
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Algae and Algal Biofertilizers
22.2.1 Algae is a Polyphyletic Functional Group
22.2.2 Multifaceted Role of Algal Biofertilizer in Sustainable Cultivation
22.2.3 Biostimulants From Algae
22.3 Techniques of Application of Algal Biofertilizer
22.3.1 Algal Extracts as Biofertilizer
22.3.2 Addition of Algal Strains and Algal Biofertilizer to Soil
22.4 Cultivation of Algae and Production of Algal Biofertilizer
22.5 Conclusion
References
Index
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